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Integrate a transcendental function of one shifted linear in it, the logarithms of a quotient onto the exponential integral, and derivatives over a power of a logarithm or an inverse (#2034)
- A function of one shifted linear c + d x alone with something other than
sums, products and powers in it, written in u = c + d x where a power of
the linear stands below the bar inside a sum or the linear is written two
ways: F^(a + b/(c + d x)^3)/(c + d x)^19, ln(c (d + k/(f + g x)^3)^q).
Only for an integrand as written, not one a substitution expands: the
inverse sine's of (d + e x^2)^3 (a + b asinh(c x))^2 is a sum of
exponentials of linears that cost 370 MB to read.
- Powers of two linears beside a negative power of a logarithm of their
quotient, onto the exponential integral in that quotient; the zero-
discriminant case of SolveAnExponentialOverSeveralLinears no longer
divides by the difference of its two equal roots.
- The derivative of a function over a power of a logarithm, an inverse
trigonometric function or a sum holding a logarithm, whose terms are not
elementary apart.
- A product of powers whose own logarithmic derivative is a constant, and a
power with x in its base and its exponent as an exponential, its free
terms raised: x^(-2 - 1/x) (1 - ln(x)) is -(x^(-1/x))'.
- The Risch-Norman ansatz with li(x), and erfi beside one Gaussian with a
factor of x alone below the bar, in a second pass: e^((a + x)^2)/x^2 -
2 a e^((a + x)^2)/x. Beside a polynomial, or two Gaussians, the pass
declined at three times the allocation of the rules after it, and is not
taken there.
Chain against master 6e16aae: pocket of 1,105 rows, 1,072 -> 1,085 solved,
0 wrong; family 3's sample 222 -> 224, the others unchanged; the 13 rows that
moved, alone, 0 -> 13 solved; 6,603 rows compared for allocation, none grew
past 1.3x.
Part of #233.
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_012sonx8iAspMiwRwokT1Ura
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
| `"F^(a+b/(c+d*x)^3)/(c+d*x)^19".ToEntity().Integrate("x")` | `integral(...)` | 386 characters, `F^(a + b/(c + d x)^3)` times a polynomial in `(c + d x)^3` |
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| `"ln(c*(d+k/(f+g*x)^3)^q)".ToEntity().Integrate("x")` | `integral(...)` | 626 characters, by parts, the cube roots of `-k/d` |
### Powers of two linears beside a negative power of a logarithm of their quotient are integrated onto the exponential integral
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**Answers where there were none.** Rubi's 3.2.1 `1/((a g + b g x)^2 (A + B ln(e (a + b x)/(c + d x)))^2)` and three more
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ran past the budget, and the rest of its rows and 3.2.2's with the powers of the linears summing to `-2` or `-3` took from
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0.8 s to past 8 s: twenty of them past 8 s on a loaded machine, now under a quarter of a second. Under `t = (a + b x)/(c + d x)` each is a power of `t` and a polynomial beside a negative power of
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`A + B ln(e t^n)`, which the rule for a power over a power of a logarithm answers onto `Ei`; that substitution was the
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rule's already, far down the chain, and the polynomial term reached first took `b^2 g^2` out of `(a g + b g x)^2` and
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asked again, past the budget. It is now tried first for these shapes. And `1/(t^2 (A + B ln(k t))^2)`, the question it
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asks, had an answer with no value at any point: under `u = ln(k t)` the square `B^2 u^2 + 2 A B u + A^2` was split over
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its two roots, which are one, and the partial fractions divided by their difference. A quadratic below the bar whose
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discriminant is zero is now one linear twice ([#233](https://github.com/asc-community/AngouriMath/issues/233)).
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| Input | Was (2.5.0) | Now |
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|---|---|---|
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| `"1/((a*g+b*g*x)^2*(A+B*ln(k*(a+b*x)/(c+d*x)))^2)".ToEntity().Integrate("x")` | no answer in twenty seconds | 340 characters, `Ei(-(A + B ln(k (a + b x)/(c + d x)))/B)` and the elementary term |
| `"1/((a*g+b*g*x)^2*(A+B*ln(k*(c+d*x)^2/(a+b*x)^2)))".ToEntity().Integrate("x")` | no answer in twenty seconds | 231 characters, one `Ei` |
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| `"1/((a*g+b*g*x)^3*(A+B*ln(k*(a+b*x)/(c+d*x)))^2)".ToEntity().Integrate("x")` | no answer in twenty seconds | 644 characters, two powers of t |
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| `"1/(x^2*(A+B*ln(k*x))^2)".ToEntity().Integrate("x")` | `integral(...)` | 133 characters, `Ei(-(A/B + ln(k x)))`, where before this change master gave an answer with no value at any point |
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### The last digits of an evaluated sine, cosine, tangent, arcsine or arctangent
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**Silent, and in the hundredth digit.** `EvalNumerical` at the default hundred digits gives the
@@ -323,12 +377,29 @@ no order. Five integrals whose working squares such a sum were past the budget a
### The derivative of a function over a power of a logarithm, an inverse tangent or a sum with a logarithm in it is read as one
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**Answers where there were none.** Rubi's 3.2.3 `1/((c + d x)(c - a + (d - b) x) ln(Q)) + ln(1 - Q)/((a + b x)(c + d x) ln(Q)^2)`
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for `Q = (a + b x)/(c + d x)`, its twin, 5.3.4's `x^3/((1 + a^2 x^2) atan(a x)^3) - 3 x^2/(2 a atan(a x)^2)` and 3.5's
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`(a d n x^m - a d m x^m ln(c x^n) - b d n (q - 1) ln(c x^n)^q)/(x (a x^m + b ln(c x^n)^q)^2)` ran past the budget. Each is
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`(U/V^k)' = U'/V^k - k U V'/V^(k + 1)`, whose terms are not elementary apart, so every split lost it and by parts on either
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term asked the other's question again. For `V` a logarithm or an inverse trigonometric function, the terms over
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`V^(k + 1)` give `U = -B/(k V')`, its rational part in lowest terms; for `V` a sum with a logarithm in it, `U` is a
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monomial of the numerator times a constant read monomial by monomial. The answer is given only where its derivative is
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the whole integrand at sampled points ([#233](https://github.com/asc-community/AngouriMath/issues/233)).
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| Input | Was (2.5.0) | Now |
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|---|---|---|
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| `"1/((c+d*x)*(-a+c+(-b+d)*x)*ln((a+b*x)/(c+d*x)))+ln(1+(-a-b*x)/(c+d*x))/((a+b*x)*(c+d*x)*ln((a+b*x)/(c+d*x))^2)".ToEntity().Integrate("x")` | no answer in twenty seconds | `ln(1 + (-a - b x)/(c + d x))/((a d - b c) ln((a + b x)/(c + d x)))` |
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| `"x^3/((1+a^2*x^2)*atan(a*x)^3)-3/2*x^2/(a*atan(a*x)^2)".ToEntity().Integrate("x")` | `integral(...)` | `-x^3/(2 a atan(a x)^2)` |
### A rational evaluated at a higher precision than before has all of its digits
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**More digits where there were a hundred.** A rational kept its decimal value in the precision current when it was
@@ -373,6 +444,23 @@ parts what is left is a rational function and one over the root
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| `"x^3*ln(-1+4*x+4*sqrt((x-1)*x))".ToEntity().Integrate("x")` | `integral(...)` | `x^4 ln(...)/4` minus a polynomial, `ln(8 x + 1)` and terms over `sqrt(x^2 - x)` |
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### The Risch-Norman ansatz reads `ln(x)` beside x, with the logarithmic integral and the error function among its terms
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**Answers where there were none.** Rubi's 3.5 `(1 - ln(x))/(x (x + ln(x)))` and `(1 + x)/(ln(x) (x + ln(x)))`, and 2.3's
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`e^((a + x)^2)/x^2 - 2 a e^((a + x)^2)/x`, were declined. The ansatz left a plain `ln(x)` to the logarithm tower's, a
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polynomial in it, which has no logarithm of `x + ln(x)`; it now reads one where a sum below the bar holds x beside
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`ln(x)` to two or more powers. Its answer may now hold `li(x)`, whose derivative is `1/ln(x)`, where `ln(x)` divides the
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denominator, and for an exponential of a quadratic `erfi(sqrt(A) (x + B/(2 A)))`, whose derivative is a constant times
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the exponential: `(1 + x)/(ln(x) (x + ln(x)))` is `(li(x) + ln(ln(x)) - ln(x + ln(x)))'`, and by parts the first term
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of the third leaves the second's negative and `2 e^((a + x)^2)`. With either among the terms the elimination pins the
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symbols first where it declines with them in ([#233](https://github.com/asc-community/AngouriMath/issues/233)).
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