cheatsheet-body.en.html

<title>ARE Cheat Sheet — requirements from the stakeholder level down</title>

<style>
  /* ---------- tokens ---------- */
  :root {
    --paper:      #e9edf1;
    --sheet:      #ffffff;
    --sheet-2:    #f3f6f9;
    --ink:        #121a24;
    --ink-2:      #55616f;
    --ink-3:      #7c8794;
    --rule:       #c9d3dc;
    --rule-soft:  #e0e7ed;

    --problem:    #574aa0;
    --problem-bg: #efecfb;
    --solution:   #0c6360;
    --solution-bg:#e2f2f0;
    --warn:       #a03d24;
    --warn-bg:    #fbeae4;
    --ok:         #4a6b2f;
    --ok-bg:      #ecf3e3;

    --shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(18,26,36,.06), 0 8px 24px -16px rgba(18,26,36,.24);

    --sans: "Segoe UI Variable Display", "Segoe UI", system-ui, -apple-system, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;
    --serif: "Iowan Old Style", "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
    --mono: "Cascadia Mono", Consolas, ui-monospace, "SF Mono", Menlo, monospace;
  }

  @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
    :root {
      --paper:      #0b1017;
      --sheet:      #131b24;
      --sheet-2:    #18222d;
      --ink:        #e2e9f0;
      --ink-2:      #97a4b2;
      --ink-3:      #74818f;
      --rule:       #2a3642;
      --rule-soft:  #202b36;

      --problem:    #a89cf2;
      --problem-bg: #221f3a;
      --solution:   #4ec6bd;
      --solution-bg:#0e2b2c;
      --warn:       #e89273;
      --warn-bg:    #2f1d16;
      --ok:         #a3c778;
      --ok-bg:      #1c2617;

      --shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.4), 0 12px 32px -20px rgba(0,0,0,.8);
    }
  }

  :root[data-theme="light"] {
    --paper: #e9edf1; --sheet: #ffffff; --sheet-2: #f3f6f9;
    --ink: #121a24; --ink-2: #55616f; --ink-3: #7c8794;
    --rule: #c9d3dc; --rule-soft: #e0e7ed;
    --problem: #574aa0; --problem-bg: #efecfb;
    --solution: #0c6360; --solution-bg: #e2f2f0;
    --warn: #a03d24; --warn-bg: #fbeae4;
    --ok: #4a6b2f; --ok-bg: #ecf3e3;
    --shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(18,26,36,.06), 0 8px 24px -16px rgba(18,26,36,.24);
  }
  :root[data-theme="dark"] {
    --paper: #0b1017; --sheet: #131b24; --sheet-2: #18222d;
    --ink: #e2e9f0; --ink-2: #97a4b2; --ink-3: #74818f;
    --rule: #2a3642; --rule-soft: #202b36;
    --problem: #a89cf2; --problem-bg: #221f3a;
    --solution: #4ec6bd; --solution-bg: #0e2b2c;
    --warn: #e89273; --warn-bg: #2f1d16;
    --ok: #a3c778; --ok-bg: #1c2617;
    --shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.4), 0 12px 32px -20px rgba(0,0,0,.8);
  }

  /* ---------- base ---------- */
  * { box-sizing: border-box; }
  body {
    margin: 0;
    background: var(--paper);
    color: var(--ink);
    font-family: var(--sans);
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.6;
    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  }
  a { color: var(--solution); text-underline-offset: 3px; }
  :focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--problem); outline-offset: 2px; border-radius: 2px; }

  .wrap { max-width: 1120px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 20px 96px; }

  /* ---------- masthead ---------- */
  header.masthead {
    padding: 56px 0 28px;
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink);
  }
  .masthead-top {
    display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 16px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 14px;
  }
  .eyebrow {
    font-family: var(--mono);
    font-size: 11.5px;
    letter-spacing: .16em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--ink-3);
    margin: 0;
  }
  .masthead-actions { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; flex: none; }
  /* Language names, not flags: a flag names a country, and neither language
     belongs to one. The current language is stated rather than linked. */
  .lang { display: inline-flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 6px; margin-right: 4px;
          font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: .03em; }
  .lang .here { color: var(--ink); }
  .lang .sep { color: var(--rule); }
  .lang a { color: var(--ink-3); text-decoration: none; }
  .lang a:hover { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; }
  .feedback-btn, .poster-btn {
    display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 7px; flex: none;
    font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 13.5px; font-weight: 600;
    padding: 9px 16px; border-radius: 999px; text-decoration: none;
    white-space: nowrap;
  }
  .feedback-btn { background: var(--ink); color: var(--paper); }
  .poster-btn { border: 1.5px solid var(--rule); color: var(--ink); }
  .feedback-btn:hover { background: #0c6360; color: var(--paper); }
  .poster-btn:hover { border-color: var(--ink); }
  @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .feedback-btn:hover { background: #4ec6bd; } }
  h1 {
    font-size: clamp(30px, 5vw, 48px);
    line-height: 1.08;
    letter-spacing: -.025em;
    font-weight: 700;
    margin: 0 0 16px;
    text-wrap: balance;
  }
  .standfirst {
    font-family: var(--serif);
    font-size: clamp(17px, 2.2vw, 20px);
    line-height: 1.55;
    color: var(--ink-2);
    max-width: 62ch;
    margin: 0 0 24px;
  }
  .sourcebar {
    display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px 24px;
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 12px; color: var(--ink-3);
    padding-top: 4px;
  }
  .sourcebar b { color: var(--ink-2); font-weight: 600; }

  /* ---------- nav ---------- */
  nav.jump {
    position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 20;
    background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--paper) 90%, transparent);
    backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    margin-bottom: 40px;
  }
  .jump-inner {
    max-width: 1120px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 8px 20px;
    display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 3px 4px;
  }
  .jump a {
    flex: none; line-height: 1.4;
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11.5px; letter-spacing: .06em;
    text-transform: uppercase; text-decoration: none;
    color: var(--ink-2); padding: 6px 10px; border-radius: 3px;
    white-space: nowrap;
  }
  .jump a:hover { background: var(--sheet-2); color: var(--ink); }
  .jump a[aria-current="true"] { background: var(--ink); color: var(--paper); }

  /* ---------- sections ---------- */
  section { margin: 0 0 56px; scroll-margin-top: 64px; }
  .sec-head { display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
  .sec-num {
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: .1em;
    color: var(--ink-3); border: 1px solid var(--rule); border-radius: 2px;
    padding: 1px 6px;
  }
  h2 { font-size: clamp(22px, 3vw, 28px); letter-spacing: -.02em; margin: 0; font-weight: 700; }
  .sec-lede { color: var(--ink-2); max-width: 66ch; margin: 8px 0 24px; }
  h3 { font-size: 17px; margin: 32px 0 10px; letter-spacing: -.01em; }
  h3:first-child { margin-top: 0; }
  p { max-width: 68ch; }

  /* ---------- sheet ---------- */
  .sheet {
    background: var(--sheet);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 4px;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow);
    padding: 22px;
  }
  .sheet + .sheet { margin-top: 16px; }

  /* ---------- badges ---------- */
  .tag {
    display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px;
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: .08em; text-transform: uppercase;
    padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 2px; white-space: nowrap;
  }
  .tag.problem  { background: var(--problem-bg);  color: var(--problem); }
  .tag.solution { background: var(--solution-bg); color: var(--solution); }
  .tag.warn     { background: var(--warn-bg);     color: var(--warn); }
  .tag.ok       { background: var(--ok-bg);       color: var(--ok); }
  .tag.plain    { background: var(--sheet-2);     color: var(--ink-2); border: 1px solid var(--rule-soft); }

  code, .mono { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: .92em; }
  code {
    background: var(--sheet-2); border: 1px solid var(--rule-soft);
    padding: 1px 5px; border-radius: 3px; color: var(--ink);
  }
  .missing { color: var(--warn); }

  /* ---------- tables ---------- */
  .scroller { overflow-x: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; }
  table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; min-width: 620px; font-size: 14.5px; }
  th, td { text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding: 10px 14px 10px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule-soft); }
  th {
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: .1em;
    text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ink-3); font-weight: 600;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); padding-bottom: 8px;
  }
  tbody tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }
  tr.highlight td { background: var(--ok-bg); }
  tr.highlight td:first-child { box-shadow: inset 3px 0 0 var(--ok); padding-left: 11px; }
  table.kano-cat td:first-child, table.kano-cat th:first-child { white-space: nowrap; }

  /* ---------- ladder ---------- */
  .ladder { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 2px; }
  .rung {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 250px 1fr;
    gap: 0 24px;
    align-items: start;
    padding: 16px 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule-soft);
  }
  .rung:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
  .rung-iso {
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: .08em;
    text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ink-3); display: block; margin-bottom: 4px;
  }
  .rung-iso.missing { color: var(--warn); }
  .rung-name { font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -.01em; }
  .rung-safe { font-family: var(--serif); font-style: italic; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 15px; }
  .rung-body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; }
  .rung-meta { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px; }
  .rung-note { color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 14.5px; margin: 0; }
  .rung-rail { padding-left: 12px; }
  .rung-rail.lvl-0 { border-left: 2px dashed var(--rule); margin-left: 0; }
  .rung-rail.lvl-1 { border-left: 2px solid var(--problem); margin-left: 0; }
  .rung-rail.lvl-2 { border-left: 2px solid var(--solution); margin-left: 16px; }
  .rung-rail.lvl-3 { border-left: 2px solid var(--solution); margin-left: 32px; }
  .rung-rail.lvl-4 { border-left: 2px solid var(--t-task); padding-left: 12px; margin-left: 48px; }

  /* ---------- Typfarben (gleiche Codierung wie das Uebersichts-SVG) ---------- */
  :root {
    --t-business:#a8811a; --t-stakeholder:#7b4fb0; --t-system:#2f7d43;
    --t-story:#2c6ea8; --t-task:#5a6672; --t-quality:#0f7d76;
    --t-constraint:#6b747d; --t-enabler:#6b5e1f;
    --we-bg:#111820; --we-fg:#f3f6f9;
    --logo-plate:transparent; --logo-pad:0;
  }
  @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
    :root {
      --t-business:#e0c05a; --t-stakeholder:#bda1ee; --t-system:#6fc386;
      --t-story:#77b4e8; --t-task:#9aa7b4; --t-quality:#5fc9c0;
      --t-constraint:#98a2ad; --t-enabler:#dcc97a;
      --we-bg:#e8eef4; --we-fg:#0b1017;
      --logo-plate:#ffffff; --logo-pad:6px 9px;
    }
  }
  :root[data-theme="light"]{--t-business:#a8811a;--t-stakeholder:#7b4fb0;--t-system:#2f7d43;--t-story:#2c6ea8;--t-task:#5a6672;--t-quality:#0f7d76;--t-constraint:#6b747d;--t-enabler:#6b5e1f;--we-bg:#111820;--we-fg:#f3f6f9;--logo-plate:transparent;--logo-pad:0;}
  :root[data-theme="dark"]{--t-business:#e0c05a;--t-stakeholder:#bda1ee;--t-system:#6fc386;--t-story:#77b4e8;--t-task:#9aa7b4;--t-quality:#5fc9c0;--t-constraint:#98a2ad;--t-enabler:#dcc97a;--we-bg:#e8eef4;--we-fg:#0b1017;--logo-plate:#ffffff;--logo-pad:6px 9px;}

  a.jumplink { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--ink-3); }
  a.jumplink:hover { border-bottom-color: var(--solution); color: var(--solution); }
  a.jumplink::after { content: " ↗"; font-size: .85em; color: var(--ink-3); }

  .we {
    display:inline-flex; align-items:center; font-family:var(--mono); font-size:9.5px;
    font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.1em; background:var(--we-bg); color:var(--we-fg);
    padding:2px 5px; border-radius:2px; vertical-align:2px; margin-left:7px;
  }
  .we::before { content:"WE"; }

  .ic { display:inline-block; width:17px; height:17px; vertical-align:-3px; margin-right:8px; }
  .ic svg { width:17px; height:17px; display:block; }
  .ic.c-story svg { fill:var(--t-story); stroke:var(--t-story); }
  .ic.c-system svg { fill:var(--t-system); stroke:var(--t-system); }
  .ic.c-quality svg { fill:var(--t-quality); stroke:var(--t-quality); }
  .ic.c-plain svg { fill:var(--ink-3); stroke:var(--ink-3); }
  .ic.c-business svg { fill:var(--t-business); stroke:var(--t-business); }
  .ic.c-stakeholder svg { fill:var(--t-stakeholder); stroke:var(--t-stakeholder); }
  .ic.c-task svg { fill:var(--t-task); stroke:var(--t-task); }
  .c-business i svg { fill:var(--t-business); stroke:var(--t-business); }
  .c-stakeholder i svg { fill:var(--t-stakeholder); stroke:var(--t-stakeholder); }
  .c-system i svg { fill:var(--t-system); stroke:var(--t-system); }
  .c-story i svg { fill:var(--t-story); stroke:var(--t-story); }
  .c-task i svg { fill:var(--t-task); stroke:var(--t-task); }
  .c-quality i svg { fill:var(--t-quality); stroke:var(--t-quality); }
  .c-constraint i svg { fill:var(--t-constraint); stroke:var(--t-constraint); }
  .c-enabler i svg { fill:var(--t-enabler); stroke:var(--t-enabler); }
  .rung-name .ic { margin-right:7px; }

  .kic { display:inline-block; width:30px; height:15px; vertical-align:-2px; margin-right:9px; }
  .kic svg { width:30px; height:15px; display:block; }
  .kic path { fill:none; stroke-width:2; stroke-linecap:round; }

  .swatches { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(200px,1fr)); gap:10px 16px; margin:0; }
  .sw { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:9px; font-size:13.5px; }
  .sw i { flex:none; width:24px; height:24px; border-radius:5px; border:1.5px solid;
    display:grid; place-items:center; }
  .sw i svg { width:15px; height:15px; display:block; }
  .sw b { font-weight:600; }
  .sw span { color:var(--ink-2); font-size:12.5px; }
  .c-business i{border-color:var(--t-business);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-business) 22%,transparent)}
  .c-stakeholder i{border-color:var(--t-stakeholder);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-stakeholder) 22%,transparent)}
  .c-system i{border-color:var(--t-system);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-system) 22%,transparent)}
  .c-story i{border-color:var(--t-story);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-story) 22%,transparent)}
  .c-task i{border-color:var(--t-task);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-task) 14%,transparent)}
  .c-quality i{border-color:var(--t-quality);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-quality) 22%,transparent)}
  .c-constraint i{border-color:var(--t-constraint);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-constraint) 26%,transparent)}
  .c-enabler i{border-color:var(--t-enabler);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-enabler) 26%,transparent)}

  /* Struktur-Panel */
  .panelbar { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:10px 14px; align-items:center; padding:0 0 16px; }
  .swlabel { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:10.5px; letter-spacing:.12em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--ink-3); }
  .seg { display:inline-flex; border:1px solid var(--rule); border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; }
  .seg button { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:11.5px; letter-spacing:.05em; background:var(--sheet);
    color:var(--ink-2); border:none; padding:7px 14px; cursor:pointer; }
  .seg button + button { border-left:1px solid var(--rule); }
  .seg button[aria-pressed="true"] { background:var(--ink); color:var(--paper); }
  .seg button:hover:not([aria-pressed="true"]) { color:var(--ink); }
  .panel[data-view="base"] .only-prop { display:none; }
  .panel[data-view="prop"] .only-base { display:none; }

  /* Diagramm-Bausteine */
  .d-h { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:11px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.14em; fill:var(--ink-3); }
  .d-model { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:19px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:-.01em; fill:var(--ink); }
  .d-t { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:10.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.05em; }
  .d-s { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:9px; letter-spacing:.05em; fill:var(--ink-2); }
  .d-s .fmt { fill:var(--ink); font-weight:700; }
  .d-n { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:11.5px; fill:var(--ink-2); }
  .d-hl { fill:var(--warn); opacity:.16; }
  .d-hl.q { fill:var(--t-quality); }
  .d-inv { fill:var(--paper); }
  .d-e { stroke:var(--ink-3); fill:none; stroke-width:1.4; }
  .d-e-ref { stroke:var(--t-quality); fill:none; stroke-width:1.5; stroke-dasharray:5 3; }
  .d-map path { stroke:var(--ink-3); fill:none; stroke-width:1; stroke-dasharray:3 3; }
  .d-e-dash { stroke:var(--ink-3); fill:none; stroke-width:1.3; stroke-dasharray:4 3; }
  .bul { fill:var(--ink-3); }
  .ifc { fill:var(--sheet); stroke:var(--rule); stroke-width:1.2; rx:3; }
  .ifc.risk { stroke:var(--warn); stroke-width:2; }
  .pers circle, .pers path { fill:none; stroke:var(--t-stakeholder); stroke-width:1.8; stroke-linecap:round; }
  .d-el { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:9px; letter-spacing:.04em; fill:var(--ink-2); }
  .bx { stroke-width:1.6; rx:4; }
  .bx-business{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-business) 22%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-business)}
  .bx-stakeholder{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-stakeholder) 22%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-stakeholder)}
  .bx-system{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-system) 22%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-system)}
  .bx-story{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-story) 22%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-story)}
  .bx-task{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-task) 12%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-task)}
  .bx-quality{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-quality) 20%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-quality)}
  .bx-constraint{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-constraint) 26%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-constraint)}
  .bx-enabler{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-enabler) 16%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-enabler)}
  .bx-blackbox{fill:var(--ink);stroke:var(--ink)}
  .bx-ac{fill:var(--sheet-2);stroke:var(--rule)}
  .bx-ac-opt{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-quality) 10%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-quality);stroke-dasharray:6 3}
  .side{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--ink) 4%,transparent);stroke:var(--rule);stroke-width:1;rx:8}
  .bx-ghost{fill:none;stroke:var(--rule);stroke-dasharray:5 4}
  .we-svg rect{fill:var(--we-bg)}
  .we-svg text{fill:var(--we-fg);font-family:var(--mono);font-size:8px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em}

  /* ---------- type cards ---------- */
  .cards { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(340px, 1fr)); gap: 16px; }
  .card {
    scroll-margin-top: 72px;
    background: var(--sheet); border: 1px solid var(--rule); border-radius: 4px;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow); padding: 18px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px;
  }
  .card-top { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; }
  .card-icon { flex: none; width: 22px; height: 22px; display: block; }
  .card-icon svg { width: 22px; height: 22px; display: block; }
  .card-icon.c-stakeholder svg { fill: var(--t-stakeholder); stroke: var(--t-stakeholder); }
  .card-icon.c-system svg { fill: var(--t-system); stroke: var(--t-system); }
  .card-icon.c-story svg { fill: var(--t-story); stroke: var(--t-story); }
  .card-icon.c-quality svg { fill: var(--t-quality); stroke: var(--t-quality); }
  .card-icon.c-constraint svg { fill: var(--t-constraint); stroke: var(--t-constraint); }
  .card-icon.c-enabler svg { fill: var(--t-enabler); stroke: var(--t-enabler); }
  .card-icon.plain svg { fill: var(--ink-3); stroke: var(--ink-3); }
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<header class="masthead">
  <div class="wrap">
    <div class="masthead-top">
      <p class="eyebrow">Advanced Requirements Engineering · Cheat Sheet</p>
      <div class="masthead-actions">
        <span class="lang"><a href="../../cheat-sheet/" hreflang="de" lang="de">Deutsch</a><span class="sep">·</span><span class="here">English</span></span>
        <a class="poster-btn" href="../poster/">🖼 Poster</a>
        <a class="feedback-btn" href="https://github.com/CapeOfGoodCode/requirements-engineering/issues/new" target="_blank" rel="noopener">💬 Give feedback</a>
      </div>
    </div>
    <h1>From Stakeholder Requirement to Acceptance Criteria</h1>
    <p class="standfirst">
      Which requirement types there are, how they map onto SAFe, which format describes which level, and how decomposition works its way down.
    </p>
    <div class="sourcebar">
      <span><b>Based on:</b> ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018 · SAFe · Cockburn · Bass/Clements/Kazman</span>
    </div>
  </div>
</header>

<nav class="jump" aria-label="Sections">
  <div class="jump-inner">
    <a href="#ebenen">Levels &amp; SAFe</a>
    <a href="#artefakte">Artifacts</a>
    <a href="#formate">Formats</a>
    <a href="#dekomposition">Decomposition</a>
    <a href="#grenzen">System Boundaries</a>
    <a href="#domain">Domain Model</a>
    <a href="#klassifikation">Classification</a>
    <a href="#qualitaet">Quality question</a>
    <a href="#kano">KANO</a>
    <a href="#finder">Format finder</a>
    <a href="#struktur">Structure &amp; derivation</a>
  </div>
</nav>

<div class="wrap">

  <!-- ================= 1. EBENEN ================= -->
  <section id="ebenen">
    <div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">01</span><h2>The levels and the two models</h2></div>
    <p class="sec-lede">
      One level down means: more concrete, smaller, closer to the solution. Every level down to the User Story stays <b>implementation-free</b> — they say <em>what</em> shall hold. Only at the System Element Requirement is it settled <em>how</em> it gets built.
    </p>

    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="ladder">

        <div class="rung">
          <div class="rung-rail lvl-0">
            <span class="rung-iso">ISO 29148 · Business Requirement (BRS)</span>
            <span class="rung-name"><span class="ic c-business" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="7" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="2.6"/></svg></span>Business Goal</span><br>
            <span class="rung-safe">Mission, goals, opportunities</span>
          </div>
          <div class="rung-body">
            <div class="rung-meta">
              <span class="tag plain">not decomposed</span>
              <span class="tag plain">trace target</span>
            </div>
            <p class="rung-ex"><b>Example</b>Maximize the infotainment premium option take-rate to offset high localized manufacturing costs.</p>
            <p class="rung-note">
              A <b>Business Goal <em>has</em> Business Objectives</b> — measurable goals the goal can be checked against. Business Requirements have <b>no children</b>: Stakeholder Requirements are not hung underneath them, they <b>trace</b> to them. The trace target is the <b>Business Objective</b> of the Business Goal; where no objectives are written out, requirements trace directly to the goal. That trace is the proof of relevance — no link ⇒ gold-plating. Alongside the Business Goal, at the same rank, sit Business Process Requirement, Operational Business Requirement, Business Risk and the Business Constraints (budget, schedule, law).
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="rung">
          <div class="rung-rail lvl-1">
            <span class="rung-iso">ISO 29148 · Stakeholder Requirement (StRS)</span>
            <span class="rung-name"><span class="ic c-stakeholder" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2" y="3.5" width="16" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="4" y="8.5" width="12" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="6" y="13.5" width="8" height="3" rx="1.5"/></svg></span>Stakeholder Requirement</span><br>
            <span class="rung-safe">SAFe: Epic</span>
          </div>
          <div class="rung-body">
            <div class="rung-meta">
              <span class="tag problem">implementation-free</span>
              <span class="tag plain">2–6 months</span>
              <span class="tag plain">Strategic Planning</span>
            </div>
            <p class="rung-ex"><b>Example</b>As a driver I want to make a phone call on the road so that I can go on driving.</p>
            <p class="rung-note">
              Needs and capabilities that users and stakeholders ask for. Bundles related functionality and carries business value. Deliberately coarse — not
              <em>singular</em>, not <em>complete</em>, until it is refined. Check:
              <b>Validation</b> (“did we build the right thing?”). Sizing: T-shirt — S = 1 PI, M = 1–2 PI, L &gt; 2 PI, where <b>PI = Program Increment</b>, the planning cadence of 8–12 weeks, or 3–5 sprints of 2–4 weeks, in which a feature is finished.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="rung">
          <div class="rung-rail lvl-2">
            <span class="rung-iso">ISO 29148 · System Requirement (SyRS)</span>
            <span class="rung-name"><span class="ic c-system" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2.5" y="4" width="15" height="12" rx="2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><rect x="5.5" y="7" width="9" height="6" rx="1"/></svg></span>System Requirement</span><br>
            <span class="rung-safe">SAFe: Feature</span>
          </div>
          <div class="rung-body">
            <div class="rung-meta">
              <span class="tag problem">implementation-free · in the domain</span>
              <span class="tag plain">1 PI ≈ 8–12 weeks</span>
              <span class="tag plain">Increment Planning</span>
            </div>
            <p class="rung-ex"><b>Example</b>As a driver I want to dial a phone number while driving so that I can talk to a partner while driving.</p>
            <p class="rung-note">
              Implementation-free description of <em>what</em> the system has to do. Shippable and sellable with one release. Must be <b>bounded</b> : fully developable and testable within exactly one Program Increment. Check: <b>Verification</b>
              (“did we build it right?”). Two special cases sit on the same level. The
              <b>Architecture Enabler</b> takes up a Developmental Quality: technical work that changes nothing on the outside. And the <b>Operational Feature</b>: if an Operational Quality affects only one feature, it becomes that feature’s acceptance criterion — if it affects several, it belongs to none of them and therefore gets a feature of its own. That is our proposal, deliberately different from what SAFe suggests.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="rung">
          <div class="rung-rail lvl-3">
            <span class="rung-iso missing">no counterpart in ISO 29148</span>
            <span class="rung-name"><span class="ic c-story" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="5.5" r="2.6" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><path d="M4.5 16.5c0-3 2.5-5 5.5-5s5.5 2 5.5 5" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg></span>User Story</span>
          </div>
          <div class="rung-body">
            <div class="rung-meta">
              <span class="tag problem">implementation-free</span>
              <span class="tag plain">1 Sprint · 2–4 weeks</span>
            </div>
            <p class="rung-ex"><b>Example</b>As a driver I want to select the phone functions and the dialing option while driving so that I can type in a phone number.</p>
            <p class="rung-note">
              <span class="missing"><b>ISO 29148 has no counterpart for this level.</b></span> The User Story is a SAFe level and still describes <em>what</em> the user should be able to do — not how it is built. The rule that keeps it sound: a User Story should <em>span</em> the subsystems and describe user interaction rather than turning component-specific (“update the CAN message matrix layer” would be the mistake that loses the value).
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="rung">
          <div class="rung-rail lvl-4">
            <span class="rung-iso">ISO 29148 · System Element Requirement</span>
            <span class="rung-name"><span class="ic c-task" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="3.5" y="3.5" width="13" height="13" rx="2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><rect x="7" y="7" width="6" height="6" rx="1"/></svg></span> System Element Requirement</span><br>
            <span class="rung-safe">SAFe: Implementation Task</span>
          </div>
          <div class="rung-body">
            <div class="rung-meta">
              <span class="tag warn">implementation-bound</span>
              <span class="tag plain">outside the course scope</span>
            </div>
            <p class="rung-ex"><b>Example</b>The dialer service shall normalize the entered phone number to E.164 before handing it to the telephony stack.</p>
            <p class="rung-note">
              <b>This is where the solution space begins.</b> The technical specification for software, hardware and their interfaces — the <em>how</em> instead of the <em>what</em>. On the same level sits the <b>Sub-System Requirement</b>, which some organizations keep in addition and decompose further. The course ends one level above.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>

      </div>
    </div>

    <h3>The two models side by side</h3>
    <div class="sheet" style="margin-bottom:20px">
      <div class="swatches">
        <div class="sw c-business"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="7" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="2.6"/></svg></i><div><b>Business Requirement</b><br><span>goal with objectives</span></div></div>
        <div class="sw c-stakeholder"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2" y="3.5" width="16" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="4" y="8.5" width="12" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="6" y="13.5" width="8" height="3" rx="1.5"/></svg></i><div><b>Stakeholder Requirement</b><br><span>SAFe: Epic</span></div></div>
        <div class="sw c-system"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2.5" y="4" width="15" height="12" rx="2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><rect x="5.5" y="7" width="9" height="6" rx="1"/></svg></i><div><b>System Requirement</b><br><span>SAFe: Feature</span></div></div>
        <div class="sw c-story"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="5.5" r="2.6" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><path d="M4.5 16.5c0-3 2.5-5 5.5-5s5.5 2 5.5 5" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg></i><div><b>User Story</b><br><span>SAFe only</span></div></div>
        <div class="sw c-task"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="3.5" y="3.5" width="13" height="13" rx="2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><rect x="7" y="7" width="6" height="6" rx="1"/></svg></i><div><b>System Element Requirement</b><br><span>SAFe: Implementation Task</span></div></div>
        <div class="sw c-quality"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M2 14.5h4l2.5-9 3 12 2.5-7h4" fill="none" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></i><div><b>Quality</b><br><span>Operational Quality, Quality Scenario</span></div></div>
        <div class="sw c-constraint"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M7.5 3.5h-4v13h4M12.5 3.5h4v13h-4" fill="none" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></i><div><b>Constraint</b><br><span>not negotiable</span></div></div>
        <div class="sw c-enabler"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2.5" y="13" width="15" height="3.5" rx="1"/><path d="M10 3l4.5 5h-9z" stroke-width="1.4" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></i><div><b>Enabler</b><br><span>technical work</span></div></div>
      </div>
      <p style="margin:16px 0 0;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--ink-2);max-width:none">
        The badge <span class="we"></span> marks everything that is in neither SAFe nor ISO 29148 but is our proposal.
      </p>
    </div>


    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="panelbar">
        <span class="swlabel">View</span>
        <div class="seg" role="group" aria-label="Choose a view">
          <button id="p-base" aria-pressed="true">Original</button>
          <button id="p-prop" aria-pressed="false">with our proposals</button>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="diagram panel" id="modelpanel" data-view="base">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 1220 545" role="img" aria-label="SAFe and ISO 29148 as two separate fields side by side, switchable between the original and our proposals">
          <defs>
            <marker id="mp-ar" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="9" refY="5" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse">
              <path d="M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z" fill="currentColor"/>
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          <rect class="side" x="8" y="16" width="644" height="512"/>
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          <!-- ============ SAFe · Enabler ============ -->
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          <text class="d-s" x="84" y="341" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--ink)">ENABLER STORY</text>

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            <text class="d-s" x="259" y="214" text-anchor="middle">REQUIREMENTS</text>
            <text class="d-s" x="259" y="226" text-anchor="middle">SENTENCE</text>
            <g class="we-svg"><rect x="330" y="174" width="26" height="14" rx="2"/><text x="343" y="184" text-anchor="middle">WE</text></g>

            <rect class="bx bx-quality" x="164" y="266" width="190" height="46"/>
            <text class="d-s" x="259" y="286" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY SCENARIO</text>
            <text class="d-s" x="259" y="300" text-anchor="middle">6-part template</text>
            <g class="we-svg"><rect x="330" y="258" width="26" height="14" rx="2"/><text x="343" y="268" text-anchor="middle">WE</text></g>

            <path class="d-e" d="M259 234 L259 262" marker-end="url(#mp-ar)" color="var(--t-quality)" stroke="var(--t-quality)"/>
            <text class="d-el" x="267" y="254" fill="var(--t-quality)">1..n</text>

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          <!-- ============ SAFe · Kette ============ -->
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          <text class="d-t" x="491" y="114" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-stakeholder)">EPIC</text>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="129" text-anchor="middle">USER STORY FORMAT</text>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="142" text-anchor="middle">or REQUIREMENTS SENTENCE</text>

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          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="216" text-anchor="middle">USER STORY FORMAT</text>
          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="388" y="224" width="206" height="26"/>
          <text class="d-s only-base" x="491" y="241" text-anchor="middle">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA · functional</text>
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          <rect class="bx bx-ac-opt" x="388" y="256" width="206" height="26"/>
          <text class="d-s only-base" x="491" y="273" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">NFR · optional</text>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="273" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY SCENARIO if 1:1 · optional</text>

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          <text class="d-t" x="491" y="340" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-story)">USER STORY</text>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="354" text-anchor="middle">USER STORY FORMAT</text>
          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="388" y="362" width="206" height="26"/>
          <text class="d-s only-base" x="491" y="379" text-anchor="middle">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA · functional</text>
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          <text class="d-s only-base" x="491" y="411" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">NFR · optional</text>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="411" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY SCENARIO if 1:1 · optional</text>

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          <text class="d-s" x="491" y="484" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-task)">IMPLEMENTATION TASK</text>

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          </g>

          <!-- ============ ISO 29148 ============ -->
          <rect class="bx bx-business" x="686" y="48" width="506" height="30"/>
          <text class="d-t" x="939" y="68" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-business)">BUSINESS REQ</text>

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          <g class="only-prop">
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            <text class="d-s" x="801" y="114" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-stakeholder)">STAKEHOLDER REQ · FUNCTIONAL</text>
            <text class="d-s" x="801" y="129" text-anchor="middle">USER STORY FORMAT</text>
            <text class="d-s" x="801" y="142" text-anchor="middle">(EXCEPTION: REQUIREMENTS SENTENCE)</text>

            <rect class="bx bx-quality" x="924" y="94" width="130" height="58"/>
            <text class="d-s" x="989" y="114" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">STAKEHOLDER REQ</text>
            <text class="d-s" x="989" y="127" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY</text>
            <text class="d-s" x="989" y="143" text-anchor="middle">REQUIREMENTS SENTENCE</text>

            <rect class="bx bx-constraint" x="1062" y="94" width="130" height="58"/>
            <text class="d-s" x="1127" y="116" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-constraint)">CONSTRAINT</text>
            <text class="d-s" x="1127" y="132" text-anchor="middle">REQUIREMENTS SENTENCE</text>
            <text class="d-s" x="1127" y="144" text-anchor="middle">“WILL”</text>

            <g class="we-svg"><rect x="1166" y="86" width="26" height="14" rx="2"/><text x="1179" y="96" text-anchor="middle">WE</text></g>
          </g>

          <rect class="bx bx-system" x="686" y="182" width="230" height="110"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="801" y="202" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-system)">SYSTEM REQ · FUNCTIONAL</text>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="801" y="216" text-anchor="middle">USER STORY FORMAT</text>
          <rect class="bx bx-ac only-prop" x="698" y="224" width="206" height="26"/>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="801" y="241" text-anchor="middle">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA · <tspan class="fmt">USE CASE</tspan></text>
          <rect class="bx bx-ac-opt only-prop" x="698" y="256" width="206" height="26"/>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="801" y="273" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY SCENARIO if 1:1 · optional</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-quality" x="924" y="182" width="130" height="110"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="989" y="206" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">SYSTEM REQ</text>
          <text class="d-s" x="989" y="219" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY</text>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="989" y="240" text-anchor="middle">REQUIREMENTS</text>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="989" y="252" text-anchor="middle">SENTENCE</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-constraint" x="1062" y="182" width="130" height="110"/>
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          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="1127" y="222" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-constraint)">CONSTRAINT</text>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="1127" y="240" text-anchor="middle">REQUIREMENTS SENTENCE</text>
          <text class="d-s only-prop" x="1127" y="252" text-anchor="middle">“WILL”</text>

          <g class="only-prop">
            <rect class="bx bx-quality" x="924" y="320" width="130" height="46"/>
            <text class="d-s" x="989" y="340" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY SCENARIO</text>
            <text class="d-s" x="989" y="354" text-anchor="middle">6-part template</text>
            <g class="we-svg"><rect x="1030" y="312" width="26" height="14" rx="2"/><text x="1043" y="322" text-anchor="middle">WE</text></g>
            <path class="d-e" d="M989 292 L989 316" marker-end="url(#mp-ar)" color="var(--t-quality)" stroke="var(--t-quality)"/>
            <text class="d-el" x="997" y="310" fill="var(--t-quality)">1..n</text>
            <path class="d-e-ref" d="M908 269 C 918 292, 918 318, 921 336" marker-end="url(#mp-ar)" color="var(--t-quality)"/>
            <text class="d-el" x="872" y="312" fill="var(--t-quality)">n : 1</text>
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          <rect class="bx bx-task" x="686" y="458" width="130" height="44"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="751" y="477" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-task)">SYSTEM</text>
          <text class="d-s" x="751" y="490" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-task)">ELEMENT REQ</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-task" x="824" y="458" width="130" height="44"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="889" y="477" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-task)">SUB-SYSTEM</text>
          <text class="d-s" x="889" y="490" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-task)">REQ</text>

          <text class="d-s" x="824" y="518">Sub-System Req is proprietary, decomposed further</text>

          <g color="var(--ink-3)">
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            <path class="d-e" d="M751 292 L751 454" marker-end="url(#mp-ar)"/>
          </g>

          <!-- ============ Zuordnungen über die Feldgrenze ============ -->
          <g class="d-map">
            <path d="M610 122 L682 122"/>
            <path d="M610 210 L682 210"/>
            <path d="M610 480 L682 480"/>
            <text class="d-el" x="646" y="116" text-anchor="middle">≙</text>
            <text class="d-el" x="646" y="204" text-anchor="middle">≙</text>
            <text class="d-el" x="646" y="474" text-anchor="middle">≙</text>
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>

      <p id="panelnote" style="margin:14px 0 0;color:var(--ink-2);font-size:14px;max-width:none"></p>
    </div>

  </section>

  <!-- ================= 2. ARTEFAKTE ================= -->
  <section id="artefakte">
    <div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">02</span><h2>The artifacts and their attributes</h2></div>

    <div class="cards">

      <article class="card" id="k-stakeholder">
        <div class="card-top">
          <span class="card-icon c-stakeholder" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2" y="3.5" width="16" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="4" y="8.5" width="12" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="6" y="13.5" width="8" height="3" rx="1.5"/></svg></span>
          <span class="card-name">Stakeholder Requirement</span>
          <span class="tag problem">Epic</span>
        </div>
        <p class="card-def">What a user or stakeholder needs — coarse, bundled, value-oriented.</p>
        <div class="attrs">
          <h5>Attributes</h5>
          <dl class="attr-list">
            <dt>Title</dt><dd>short name</dd>
            <dt>Owner</dt><dd>owns delivery</dd>
            <dt>Source</dt><dd>brought the requirement in; open questions are settled with them</dd>
            <dt>Description</dt><dd>see format below</dd>
            <dt>Estimate</dt><dd>T-shirt: S = 1 PI · M = 1–2 PI · L &gt; 2 PI</dd>
            <dt>Business&nbsp;Outcome</dt><dd>reference to the <b>Business Goal</b>, if there are Business Goals</dd>
            <dt>Leading&nbsp;Indicators</dt><dd>reference to the <b>Business Objectives</b> of the referenced Business Goal, if there are any</dd>
            <dt>… without&nbsp;goals</dt><dd>If there are neither Business Goals nor Objectives, outcome and leading indicators still belong in writing — otherwise the reason the requirement is being built at all is missing</dd>
          </dl>
        </div>
        <dl class="kv">
          <dt>Format</dt><dd>functional → <b>User-Story format</b><br>quality → <b>Requirements-Sentence format</b><br><span style="color:var(--ink-2)">in exceptional cases functional as a Requirements Sentence</span></dd>
          <dt>Trace</dt><dd>to a <b>Business Objective</b></dd>
          <dt>Elaboration</dt><dd>functional → <b>one</b> coarse <b>Elaboration Use Case</b><br>quality → <b>Quality Scenarios</b>, typically 6–7</dd>
        </dl>
      </article>

      <article class="card" id="k-system">
        <div class="card-top">
          <span class="card-icon c-system" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2.5" y="4" width="15" height="12" rx="2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><rect x="5.5" y="7" width="9" height="6" rx="1"/></svg></span>
          <span class="card-name">System Requirement</span>
          <span class="tag solution">Feature</span>
        </div>
        <p class="card-def">A bounded contribution to the system that fits into exactly one PI and can be shipped.</p>
        <div class="attrs">
          <h5>Attributes</h5>
          <dl class="attr-list">
            <dt>Title</dt><dd>short name</dd>
            <dt>Severity</dt><dd>must · should · nice-to-have. If you like, track it additionally as a <a class="jumplink" href="#kano"><b>KANO category</b></a><span class="we"></span> — the two axes often coincide, but not always: a legal obligation is a “must”, yet in KANO terms often indifferent.</dd>
            <dt>Description</dt><dd>see format below</dd>
            <dt>Problem&nbsp;Statement</dt><dd>which problem exists today and is solved here</dd>
            <dt>Benefit/Value</dt><dd>who gets which benefit</dd>
            <dt>Acceptance&nbsp;Criteria</dt><dd>its own Acceptance Use Case</dd>
            <dt>… within&nbsp;it</dt><dd>Dependencies (requires another feature, or replaces it) and the associated Operational Qualities belong in the description block</dd>
          </dl>
        </div>
        <dl class="kv">
          <dt>Format</dt><dd><b>User-Story format</b></dd>
          <dt>Comes from</dt><dd>success scenario, alternative flow or variation of the Elaboration Use Case</dd>
        </dl>
      </article>

      <article class="card" id="k-story">
        <div class="card-top">
          <span class="card-icon c-story" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="5.5" r="2.6" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><path d="M4.5 16.5c0-3 2.5-5 5.5-5s5.5 2 5.5 5" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg></span>
          <span class="card-name">User Story</span>
          <span class="tag solution">sprint item</span>
        </div>
        <p class="card-def">A single user interaction from the feature’s Acceptance Criteria, doable in one sprint.</p>
        <div class="attrs">
          <h5>Attributes</h5>
          <dl class="attr-list">
            <dt>Title</dt><dd>short name, optional</dd>
            <dt>Description</dt><dd>see format below</dd>
            <dt>Acceptance&nbsp;Criteria</dt><dd>one or more GWT statements</dd>
            <dt>Feature&nbsp;Parent</dt><dd>link to the feature it was sliced from</dd>
          </dl>
        </div>
        <dl class="kv">
          <dt>Format</dt><dd><b>User-Story format</b></dd>
          <dt>Note</dt><dd>A feature may also map to exactly one User Story. The development team may insist on elaboration and builds its “Definition of Ready” on that.</dd>
        </dl>
      </article>

      <article class="card" id="k-usecase">
        <div class="card-top">
          <span class="card-icon plain" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><ellipse cx="10" cy="10" rx="8" ry="5.2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/></svg></span>
          <span class="card-name">Use Case</span>
          <span class="tag plain">after Cockburn</span>
        </div>
        <p class="card-def">The structured interaction sequence. Two entirely different roles, depending on where it hangs.</p>
        <div class="attrs">
          <h5>Attributes</h5>
          <dl class="attr-list">
            <dt>Name</dt><dd>name of the use case</dd>
            <dt>Actors</dt><dd>actors involved</dd>
            <dt>Trigger</dt><dd>what starts the sequence</dd>
            <dt>Preconditions</dt><dd>what must hold beforehand</dd>
            <dt>Postconditions</dt><dd>what holds afterwards</dd>
            <dt>Success&nbsp;Scenario</dt><dd>the steps of the interaction</dd>
            <dt>Alternative&nbsp;Flows</dt><dd>deviations and error cases, numbered against the step</dd>
          </dl>
        </div>
        <dl class="kv">
          <dt>At the Stakeholder&nbsp;Req.</dt><dd><b>Elaboration Use Case</b> — exactly <b>one</b>, and coarse: the whole sequence with alternatives and variations</dd>
          <dt>At the System&nbsp;Req.</dt><dd><b>Acceptance Use Case</b> — narrower, one per feature. If a feature needs two, it usually is not bounded yet.</dd>
        </dl>
      </article>

      <article class="card" id="k-gwt">
        <div class="card-top">
          <span class="card-icon plain" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M3 5.5h14M3 10h10M3 14.5h6" fill="none" stroke-width="1.8" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg></span>
          <span class="card-name">GWT-Statement</span>
          <span class="tag plain">Given-When-Then</span>
        </div>
        <p class="card-def">The testable acceptance criterion of a User Story — precondition, action, expected change.</p>
        <div class="attrs">
          <h5>Attributes</h5>
          <dl class="attr-list">
            <dt>Given</dt><dd>state before the behavior starts</dd>
            <dt>When</dt><dd>the specified action</dd>
            <dt>Then</dt><dd>the expected change</dd>
          </dl>
        </div>
        <dl class="kv">
          <dt>Belongs to</dt><dd>one <b>User Story</b>, 1..n per User Story</dd>
          <dt>Note</dt><dd>User Stories get GWT, <b>not Use Cases</b>. The GWT feeds the test case directly.</dd>
        </dl>
      </article>

      <article class="card" id="k-quality">
        <div class="card-top">
          <span class="card-icon c-quality" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M2 14.5h4l2.5-9 3 12 2.5-7h4" fill="none" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></span>
          <span class="card-name">Quality Scenario</span>
          <span class="tag solution">Operational Quality</span>
        </div>
        <p class="card-def">Breaks an Operational Quality down far enough to be measurable, and with that negotiable.</p>
        <div class="attrs">
          <h5>Attributes</h5>
          <dl class="attr-list">
            <dt>Source of Stimulus</dt><dd>who or what triggers it</dd>
            <dt>Stimulus</dt><dd>which event</dd>
            <dt>Artifact</dt><dd>which element is affected</dd>
            <dt>Environment</dt><dd>which operating state</dd>
            <dt>Response</dt><dd>how it should react</dd>
            <dt>Response&nbsp;Measure</dt><dd>how the reaction is measured</dd>
          </dl>
        </div>
        <dl class="kv">
          <dt>Stimulus</dt><dd>a single feature or User Story, a whole set of features, or their error cases</dd>
          <dt>Rule of thumb</dt><dd>6–7 scenarios to really understand a quality</dd>
          <dt>Note</dt><dd>For metric values a <b>range</b>, not one hard number.</dd>
        </dl>
      </article>

      <article class="card" id="k-constraint">
        <div class="card-top">
          <span class="card-icon c-constraint" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M7.5 3.5h-4v13h4M12.5 3.5h4v13h-4" fill="none" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></span>
          <span class="card-name">Constraint</span>
          <span class="tag plain">narrows the solution space</span>
        </div>
        <p class="card-def">A decision already taken that bounds the solution space — not behavior the system exhibits.</p>
        <div class="attrs">
          <h5>Kinds</h5>
          <dl class="attr-list">
            <dt>Budget</dt><dd>available funds</dd>
            <dt>Schedule</dt><dd>fixed dates, market windows</dd>
            <dt>Law</dt><dd>statutes, standards, guidelines</dd>
            <dt>Technology</dt><dd>mandated platform, language, reuse</dd>
            <dt>Design</dt><dd>physical and styling requirements</dd>
            <dt>Organization</dt><dd>sites, suppliers, processes</dd>
          </dl>
        </div>
        <dl class="kv">
          <dt>Format</dt><dd><b>Requirements-Sentence format</b> with <b>“will”</b> — the constraint states a fact or a settled intention; it does not demand system behavior (“shall” / “should”).</dd>
          <dt>Where it fits</dt><dd>Under ISO 29148 and IREB the constraint is one of the three requirement classes — we do not hide that. We still treat it separately: it is <b>not negotiable</b>, is not decomposed and gets no Acceptance Criteria. That leaves it without what makes a requirement — it is a settled decision, not a negotiated need.</dd>
        </dl>
      </article>

      <article class="card" id="k-enabler">
        <div class="card-top">
          <span class="card-icon c-enabler" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2.5" y="13" width="15" height="3.5" rx="1"/><path d="M10 3l4.5 5h-9z" stroke-width="1.4" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></span>
          <span class="card-name">Enabler</span>
          <span class="tag plain">not user-visible</span>
        </div>
        <p class="card-def">Technical work without immediate user value — groundwork that makes features possible in the first place, and deliberate technical improvement of what already exists.</p>
        <div class="attrs">
          <h5>What for</h5>
          <dl class="attr-list">
            <dt>Groundwork</dt><dd>creates the precondition for coming features</dd>
            <dt>Improvement</dt><dd>raises a <b>Developmental Quality</b> — modularity, testability, maintainability, reusability — without anything changing on the outside</dd>
            <dt>Architecture Enabler</dt><dd>the enabler at System Requirement level: its result is an architecture decision — it changes the system, software or hardware architecture, not the outward behavior</dd>
            <dt>Enabler Story</dt><dd>also <em>Enabler Task</em> — at sprint level, alongside the User Stories under a feature</dd>
          </dl>
        </div>
        <dl class="kv">
          <dt>Responsibility</dt><dd>system/software architect and development team</dd>
        </dl>
      </article>

    </div>

    <h3>The six kinds of benefit/value</h3>
    <p>
      The field <b>Benefit/Value</b> on the System Requirement is where delivery, prioritization and release assignment are decided. There are six recurring patterns — two of them are <a class="jumplink" href="#kano">KANO categories</a>.
    </p>
    <div class="sheet scroller">
      <table>
        <thead><tr><th>Kind</th><th>Where the value lies</th></tr></thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td><b>Increase revenue</b></td>
            <td>New or extended features customers demonstrably will pay for — at the request of several customers, or of one large one.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>Save time / avoid costs</b></td>
            <td>Every second a typical transaction gets shorter saves agents in the call center, and with them money.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>Improve service quality</b> <span class="tag ok">KANO Performance</span></td>
            <td>Improving existing capabilities. Better video quality is not a new feature, but it has value: more customers stay when call quality goes up.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>Meet regulations</b></td>
            <td>What is prescribed, such as a “do not call” list. Not negotiable, regardless of the satisfaction it buys.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>Build reputation</b> <span class="tag ok">KANO Delighter</span></td>
            <td>Visibility in the market and brand building, such as a free demo version — indirectly revenue as well.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>Generate information</b></td>
            <td>We as the vendor, or the user, need better information for a decision — an A/B test, for instance.</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
  </section>

  <!-- ================= 3. FORMATE ================= -->
  <section id="formate">
    <div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">03</span><h2>The formats — which one for what<span class="we"></span></h2></div>
    <p class="sec-lede">
      Neither SAFe nor ISO 29148 says which format applies at which level — the mapping below is our proposal. It is not a matter of taste: it follows from whether there is a
      <em>user with a value</em> behind the requirement (User-Story format) or a <em>system property</em>
      (Requirements-Sentence format) — and which level it sits on.
    </p>

    <div class="sheet scroller" style="margin-bottom: 24px;">
      <table>
        <thead>
          <tr><th>Format of the description</th><th>Used for</th><th>Answers</th><th>Check</th></tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="ic c-story" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="5.5" r="2.6" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><path d="M4.5 16.5c0-3 2.5-5 5.5-5s5.5 2 5.5 5" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg></span><b>User-Story format</b></td>
            <td><ul class="cell-list">
              <li>Stakeholder Requirement <span class="tag problem">functional</span> · SAFe: Epic</li>
              <li>System Requirement <span class="tag problem">functional</span> · SAFe: Feature</li>
              <li>User Story</li>
            </ul></td>
            <td>Who? What? Why?</td>
            <td>Is there a nameable user <em>and</em> a value for them?</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="ic c-system" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M2.5 6h9M2.5 14h9" fill="none" stroke-width="1.8" stroke-linecap="round"/><path d="M13.5 5.5l4 4.5-4 4.5" fill="none" stroke-width="1.8" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></span><b>Requirements-Sentence format</b></td>
            <td><ul class="cell-list">
              <li>Stakeholder Requirement <span class="tag problem">Operational Quality</span></li>
              <li>Constraint</li>
            </ul></td>
            <td>What must the system do under which condition?</td>
            <td>Is the obligation explicit — shall, should or will?</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="ic c-plain" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><ellipse cx="10" cy="10" rx="8" ry="5.2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/></svg></span><b>Use-Case format</b></td>
            <td><ul class="cell-list">
              <li><b>Elaboration Use Case</b> on the Stakeholder Requirement · SAFe: Epic</li>
              <li><b>Acceptance Use Case</b> on the System Requirement · SAFe: Feature</li>
            </ul></td>
            <td>How do user and system interact, step by step?</td>
            <td>Does the success scenario explain the requirement to a new user?</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="ic c-plain" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M3 5.5h14M3 10h10M3 14.5h6" fill="none" stroke-width="1.8" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg></span><b>GWT format</b></td>
            <td><ul class="cell-list">
              <li>Acceptance Criteria of the User Story</li>
            </ul></td>
            <td>Initial state, action, expected change</td>
            <td>Can a test case be derived from it directly?</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="ic c-quality" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M2 14.5h4l2.5-9 3 12 2.5-7h4" fill="none" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></span><b>Quality-Scenario format</b></td>
            <td><ul class="cell-list">
              <li>Spelling out an Operational Quality</li>
            </ul></td>
            <td>Who triggers what, on which artifact, in which state — and what is the measurable reaction?</td>
            <td>Is the response measure really measurable, and stated as a range?</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>

    <h3>User-Story format — value focus</h3>
    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="tpl problem">As a &lt;role / type of user&gt;
I want &lt;to do this&gt;,
so that &lt;I achieve this goal&gt;.</div>
      <p class="ex"><b>Example:</b> As a <b>driver</b> I want to place calls through the infotainment system, <b>so that</b> I can keep my hands on the wheel.</p>
      <p class="ex" style="border-left-color: var(--warn)"><b>Too coarse — this is an epic, not a feature:</b>
        As a driver I want to make phone calls on the road so that I can go on driving. A bundle of functionality that only falls apart into bounded features by way of the use case.</p>
    </div>

    <h3>Requirements-Sentence format — system focus</h3>
    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="tpl">[Condition]  ·  Subject  ·  Imperative  ·  Action  ·  Object  ·  [Constraint]

Condition   optional — trigger or context ("when", "while", "within")
Subject     the concrete system or actor
Imperative  shall  = binding requirement
            should = goal or recommendation, not binding
            will   = statement of fact or settled intention  → Constraints
Action      the observable behavior
Object      the object of the action
Constraint  optional — performance or quality criterion</div>
      <p class="ex"><b>Operational Quality:</b> The infotainment system <b>shall</b> draw less than 5 W, <b>when</b> the ignition is switched off.</p>
      <p class="ex"><b>Constraint with “will”:</b> The infotainment system <b>will</b> use the CAN bus interface present in the vehicle. — A settled technology decision, not required behavior.</p>
    </div>

    <h3>Use-Case format (after Cockburn)</h3>
    <div class="sheet">
      <p class="tpl-label">Template</p>
      <div class="tpl">Name                    &lt;name of the use case&gt;
Actors                  &lt;actors involved&gt;
Trigger                 &lt;what starts the sequence&gt;
Preconditions           &lt;what must hold beforehand&gt;
Postconditions          &lt;what holds afterwards&gt;
Success Scenario        &lt;1..n steps of the interaction&gt;
Alternative Flows       &lt;deviations and error cases, numbered against the step&gt;</div>

      <p class="tpl-label">Infotainment example</p>
      <div class="tpl">Name                    Make a Call
Actors                  User, Call Partner
Trigger                 User indicates call wish
Preconditions           Phone connected, idle
Postconditions          idle
Success Scenario        1. User dials number
                        2. System establishes call
                        3. Call partner accepts
                        4. User and partner talk
                        5. User hangs up
Alternative Flows       2a. Call cannot be established → 3a. "Network error"
                        2b. Partner's line is busy     → 3b. "busy"
                        2c. Partner rejects the call   → 3c. "rejected"</div>
      <p style="margin-top:14px; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 14.5px;">
        Source: Alistair Cockburn, <em>Writing Effective Use Cases</em>.
      </p>
    </div>

    <h3>GWT format — Acceptance Criteria of the User Story</h3>
    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="tpl">Given  the state of the world before the behavior starts (precondition)
When   the behavior / action being specified
Then   the expected change that follows from that action</div>
      <p class="ex"><b>Example:</b> <b>Given</b> the system is running a function other than telephony, <b>when</b> the driver selects the phone option, <b>then</b> they can type in a phone number immediately afterwards.</p>
    </div>

    <h3>Quality-Scenario format — six parts</h3>
    <div class="sheet">
      <p class="tpl-label">Template</p>
      <div class="tpl">Source of Stimulus         who or what triggers it              (internal / external)
Stimulus            WHEN   which event                          (periodic / stochastic / sporadic)
Artifact                   which element is affected            (system, component, storage, communication)
Environment         GIVEN  which operating state                (normal / peak / overload / degraded / maintenance)
Response            THEN   how the element should react
Response Measure           how the reaction is measured         (latency, deadline, jitter, throughput,
                                                                 miss rate, repair time, availability rate)</div>

      <p class="tpl-label">Telemedicine example — performance under normal load</p>
      <div class="tpl">Source of Stimulus  Internal
Stimulus            Periodic event: patient health data every 60 s
Artifact            System
Environment         Normal Load
Response            Persist the data, detect a potential emergency
Response Measure    Persistence: latency 1–10 s, jitter &lt; 1 s · Emergency detection: latency 2–5 s</div>

      <p class="tpl-label">Second scenario of the same quality — emergency alerts, here under normal load</p>
      <div class="tpl">Source of Stimulus  Internal
Stimulus            Stochastic event: emergency for 75,000 devices within 10 s
Artifact            System
Environment         Normal Load
Response            Persist the emergency, alert the emergency service
Response Measure    Persistence: latency 1–10 s · Alerting the service: latency 10–20 s</div>

      <p class="tpl-label">The same scenario under overload — environment, event volume and measure shift together</p>
      <div class="tpl">Stimulus            Stochastic event: emergency for &gt; 125,000 devices within 10 s
Environment         Overload
Response Measure    Persistence: latency 1–30 s · Alerting the service: 60–120 s
                    Miss rate: may an emergency be lost at all?</div>

      <div class="callout">
        <h4>The three parts that matter</h4>
        <ul>
          <li><b>Environment</b> is the lever: the same quality is held to a different standard under normal load, peak load and overload — that is what makes it negotiable instead of utopian.</li>
          <li><b>Artifact</b> brings into focus what the quality refers to: the whole system, a process, storage, the communication path.</li>
          <li><b>Response Measure</b> is the bridge to testability. A response without a measure is a statement of intent.</li>
        </ul>
      </div>
    </div>

  </section>

  <!-- ================= 4. DEKOMPOSITION ================= -->
  <section id="dekomposition">
    <div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">04</span><h2>Decomposition — how you get down</h2></div>
    <p class="sec-lede">
      The use case is the tool that turns one coarse Stakeholder Requirement into several bounded features. Do not guess, derive: every path through the use case is a candidate for a feature of its own.
    </p>

    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="diagram">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 980 400" role="img" aria-label="Decomposition from the Stakeholder Requirement through the Elaboration Use Case to features, User Stories and GWT statements">
          <defs>
            <marker id="dk" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="9" refY="5" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse">
              <path d="M 0 0 L 10 5 L 0 10 z" fill="currentColor"/>
            </marker>
          </defs>

          <rect class="bx bx-business" x="20" y="16" width="210" height="40"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="34" y="34" fill="var(--t-business)">BUSINESS OBJECTIVE</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="34" y="49">not decomposed</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-stakeholder" x="20" y="98" width="210" height="52"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="34" y="118" fill="var(--t-stakeholder)">STAKEHOLDER REQ · EPIC</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="34" y="137">“Making calls on the road”</text>
          <path class="d-e-dash" d="M 125 96 L 125 60" marker-end="url(#dk)" color="var(--ink-3)"/>
          <text class="d-el" x="133" y="82">traces to</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="20" y="196" width="210" height="116"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="34" y="216">ELABORATION USE CASE</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="34" y="238">Success Scenario</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="34" y="258">Alternative Flows</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="34" y="278">Variations</text>
          <text class="d-s" x="34" y="298">one per epic — coarse</text>
          <path class="d-e" d="M 125 150 L 125 192" marker-end="url(#dk)" color="var(--ink-3)"/>
          <text class="d-el" x="133" y="176">elaborated by</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-system" x="330" y="98" width="250" height="48"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="344" y="117" fill="var(--t-system)">FEATURE ← SUCCESS SCENARIO</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="344" y="135">“Dial a number”</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-system" x="330" y="160" width="250" height="48"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="344" y="179" fill="var(--t-system)">FEATURE ← ALTERNATIVE FLOW</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="344" y="197">“Redial the last number”</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-system" x="330" y="222" width="250" height="48"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="344" y="241" fill="var(--t-system)">FEATURE ← VARIATION A</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="344" y="259">“Dial from the phone book”</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-system" x="330" y="284" width="250" height="48"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="344" y="303" fill="var(--t-system)">FEATURE ← VARIATION B</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="344" y="321">“Dial from the steering wheel”</text>

          <g color="var(--ink-3)">
            <path class="d-e" d="M 234 240 C 288 240, 288 122, 326 122" marker-end="url(#dk)"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M 234 246 C 288 246, 288 184, 326 184" marker-end="url(#dk)"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M 234 252 C 288 252, 288 246, 326 246" marker-end="url(#dk)"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M 234 258 C 288 264, 288 308, 326 308" marker-end="url(#dk)"/>
          </g>
          <text class="d-el" x="240" y="352">every path = one feature candidate</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="660" y="98" width="300" height="48"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="674" y="117">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA · ITS OWN USE CASE</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="674" y="135">narrower, one per feature</text>
          <path class="d-e" d="M 584 122 L 656 122" marker-end="url(#dk)" color="var(--ink-3)"/>

          <rect class="bx bx-story" x="660" y="176" width="300" height="42"/>
          <text class="d-n" x="674" y="202" fill="var(--t-story)">USER STORY · “Select the phone function”</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-story" x="660" y="232" width="300" height="42"/>
          <text class="d-n" x="674" y="258" fill="var(--t-story)">USER STORY · “End a running call”</text>

          <g color="var(--ink-3)">
            <path class="d-e" d="M 584 134 C 620 134, 620 192, 656 192" marker-end="url(#dk)"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M 584 138 C 620 138, 620 250, 656 250" marker-end="url(#dk)"/>
          </g>
          <text class="d-el" x="592" y="170">broken into 1..n</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="660" y="304" width="300" height="54"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="674" y="323">GWT · ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA OF THE USER STORY</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="674" y="341">Given … When … Then …</text>
          <text class="d-s" x="674" y="354">1..n per User Story · feeds the test case</text>
          <path class="d-e" d="M 810 276 L 810 300" marker-end="url(#dk)" color="var(--ink-3)"/>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    <h3>The procedure in five steps</h3>
    <div class="sheet">
      <ol class="tight" style="padding-left: 22px;">
        <li><b>Check the Stakeholder Requirement.</b> Is there a user with a value behind it? Then User-Story format. Otherwise Requirements-Sentence format. And: which Business Objective does it trace to?</li>
        <li><b>Write the coarse use case</b> — one per Stakeholder Requirement: the complete success scenario, the alternative flows and the error cases.</li>
        <li><b>Derive features</b> — from the success scenario, from every alternative flow, from every variation. Every derived feature has to fit into one PI and is mapped back to the step or flow it came from.</li>
        <li><b>Write a narrower use case per feature</b> as its Acceptance Criteria — interaction, <b>not UI design</b>. Referring to controls that already exist is fine (“via the buttons on the steering wheel”); designing new ones is up to delivery.</li>
        <li><b>Slice features into User Stories</b> — one or more interactions from those Acceptance Criteria each — and write GWT statements per User Story.</li>
      </ol>
    </div>

  </section>

  <!-- ================= 5. SYSTEM BOUNDARIES ================= -->
  <section id="grenzen">
    <div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">05</span><h2>System Boundaries</h2></div>
    <p class="sec-lede">
      The boundary has to stand before the first System Requirements are written, at the latest: what belongs to the system, what is a neighbour — and which interfaces lie between? Without that answer you are writing requirements for something whose scope nobody knows.
    </p>

    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="diagram">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 920 300" role="img" aria-label="Context diagram of this cheat sheet: readers on the left, delivering systems on the right, sources below, named interfaces in between">
          <g color="var(--ink-3)">
            <path class="d-e" d="M182 80 L336 126"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M182 216 L336 172"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M564 132 L736 66"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M564 146 L736 140"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M564 160 L736 214"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M410 190 L376 240"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M496 190 L560 240"/>
          </g>

          <rect class="bx bx-blackbox" x="340" y="110" width="220" height="76"/>
          <text class="d-t d-inv" x="450" y="142" text-anchor="middle">THIS CHEAT SHEET</text>
          <text class="d-n d-inv" x="450" y="162" text-anchor="middle">a self-contained HTML page</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-stakeholder" x="40" y="58" width="142" height="42"/>
          <g class="pers"><circle cx="62" cy="70" r="4.6"/><path d="M53 88c0-5 4-8.4 9-8.4s9 3.4 9 8.4"/></g>
          <text class="d-s" x="126" y="84" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-stakeholder)">PARTICIPANTS</text>
          <rect class="bx bx-stakeholder" x="40" y="196" width="142" height="42"/>
          <g class="pers"><circle cx="62" cy="208" r="4.6"/><path d="M53 226c0-5 4-8.4 9-8.4s9 3.4 9 8.4"/></g>
          <text class="d-s" x="126" y="222" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-stakeholder)">TRAINER</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="736" y="44" width="160" height="42"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="816" y="70" text-anchor="middle">BROWSER</text>
          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="736" y="120" width="160" height="42"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="816" y="146" text-anchor="middle">GITHUB PAGES</text>
          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="736" y="194" width="160" height="42"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="816" y="220" text-anchor="middle">PRINTER</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="228" y="240" width="160" height="40"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="308" y="265" text-anchor="middle">COURSE MATERIAL</text>
          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="512" y="240" width="170" height="40"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="597" y="265" text-anchor="middle">SYSTEM THEME</text>

          <rect class="ifc" x="606" y="82" width="80" height="20"/>
          <text class="d-el" x="646" y="96" text-anchor="middle">HTML / CSS</text>
          <rect class="ifc" x="624" y="133" width="58" height="20"/>
          <text class="d-el" x="653" y="147" text-anchor="middle">HTTPS</text>
          <rect class="ifc risk" x="626" y="182" width="54" height="20"/>
          <text class="d-el" x="653" y="196" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--warn)">PRINT</text>
          <rect class="ifc risk" x="308" y="200" width="72" height="20"/>
          <text class="d-el" x="344" y="214" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--warn)">SLIDE DECKS</text>
          <rect class="ifc" x="470" y="206" width="126" height="20"/>
          <text class="d-el" x="533" y="220" text-anchor="middle">prefers-color-scheme</text>

          <text class="d-n" x="20" y="292" fill="var(--warn)">red outline = technical risk — print output, and a source we do not control</text>
        </svg>
      </div>

      <ul class="tight" style="margin-top:16px">
        <li><b>What belongs in it:</b> the system as one <b>black box</b>, the actors and the neighbouring systems.</li>
        <li><b>What for:</b> The black box fixes the scope — everything outside it is given.</li>
        <li><b>By-product:</b> Interfaces whose behavior is unclear or outside our control are the <b>technical risks</b> — they belong marked while the cut can still be changed.</li>
      </ul>
    </div>
  </section>

  <!-- ================= 6. DOMAIN MODEL ================= -->
  <section id="domain">
    <div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">06</span><h2>Domain Model</h2></div>
    <p class="sec-lede">
      A picture of the vocabulary: entities with their attributes and the relationships between them —
      <b>explicitly not UML</b>. It serves the shared language, and reliably uncovers requirements nobody had written down.
    </p>

    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="diagram">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 900 300" role="img" aria-label="Domain model of this cheat sheet: sections contain building blocks that appear as a table, a diagram or a card; a card describes a requirement type">
          <defs>
            <marker id="dm" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="9" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse">
              <path d="M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z" fill="currentColor"/>
            </marker>
          </defs>

          <text class="d-h" x="30" y="20">SYSTEM: THIS CHEAT SHEET</text>

          <g color="var(--ink-3)">
            <path class="d-e" d="M204 90 L366 112" marker-end="url(#dm)"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M325 186 L430 144" marker-end="url(#dm)"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M495 186 L462 144" marker-end="url(#dm)"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M660 172 L512 142" marker-end="url(#dm)"/>
            <path class="d-e" d="M675 172 L675 78" marker-end="url(#dm)"/>
          </g>
          <text class="d-el" x="252" y="92">1..n</text>
          <text class="d-el" x="683" y="134">describes</text>
          <text class="d-el" x="683" y="94">1</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="30" y="60" width="170" height="56"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="115" y="82" text-anchor="middle">SECTION</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="44" y="104">number · title</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="370" y="96" width="170" height="44"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="455" y="124" text-anchor="middle">BUILDING BLOCK</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="250" y="190" width="150" height="40"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="325" y="215" text-anchor="middle">TABLE</text>
          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="420" y="190" width="150" height="40"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="495" y="215" text-anchor="middle">DIAGRAM</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="590" y="176" width="170" height="68"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="675" y="198" text-anchor="middle">CARD</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="604" y="218">name · icon</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="604" y="234">attribute list</text>

          <rect class="bx bx-ac" x="590" y="34" width="170" height="44"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="675" y="62" text-anchor="middle">REQUIREMENT TYPE</text>

          <text class="d-n" x="30" y="272">Nouns from the use case are good candidates for entities,</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="30" y="290">verbs for relationships — and those may carry attributes themselves.</text>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    <h3>When we model — and with whom</h3>
    <div class="sheet scroller">
      <table>
        <thead><tr><th>When</th><th>With whom</th><th>What for</th></tr></thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td><b>At the Stakeholder Requirements</b></td>
            <td>customer and users</td>
            <td>Shared language and glossary — before anyone argues about requirements, agree on the terms.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>At the System Requirements</b></td>
            <td>product owner, product manager</td>
            <td>Clarification and derivation: the model uncovers states, special cases and missing requirements. Or it serves to clarify requirements and remove ambiguities and inconsistencies.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>In architecture and delivery</b></td>
            <td>product owner, architect, development team</td>
            <td>No further derivation — the model is <b>mirrored</b>.</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
  </section>


  <!-- ================= 7. KLASSIFIKATION ================= -->
  <section id="klassifikation">
    <div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">07</span><h2>Classification and what it drives</h2></div>
    <p class="sec-lede">
      A requirement is either functional or a quality; qualities split into <b>Operational Qualities</b> (external, experienced by the user) and <b>Developmental Qualities</b> (internal). The category decides the format and the further refinement.
    </p>

    <div class="sheet scroller">
      <table>
        <thead>
          <tr><th>Category</th><th>Also known as</th><th>Format</th><th>Refined by</th><th>Check</th></tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td><b>Functional</b></td>
            <td>Functional Requirement</td>
            <td>User-Story format</td>
            <td>Use Case → System Requirements (Features) → User Stories → GWT</td>
            <td>Validation against the Business Objective</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>Operational Quality</b></td>
            <td>External Non-Functional Requirement — experienced by the user: performance, availability, usability, security, compatibility</td>
            <td>Requirements-Sentence format</td>
            <td>Quality Scenarios — as AC of a feature or User Story, or as its own Operational Feature</td>
            <td>Response Measure, measurable as a range</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>Developmental Quality</b></td>
            <td>Internal Non-Functional Requirement — for development and maintenance: modularity, testability, reusability, analyzability</td>
            <td>Requirements-Sentence format</td>
            <td>Architecture Enabler → sys/SW/HW architecture</td>
            <td>architecture decision</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>Constraint</b><br><span style="color:var(--ink-2); font-size:13px">a requirement class under ISO, but not negotiable</span></td>
            <td>Budget, schedule, law, technology, design, organization</td>
            <td>Requirements-Sentence format with <b>“will”</b></td>
            <td>nothing — Constraints are not decomposed</td>
            <td>Is it being met?</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>

    <h3>Quality criteria at the stakeholder level</h3>
    <p>
      The ISO 29148 criteria only partly apply at this level: a Stakeholder Requirement is by construction a bundle, so neither <em>singular</em> nor <em>complete</em>, and not yet verifiable. SMART fits better — but even of those,
      <b>only two criteria really apply here</b>:
    </p>
    <div class="sheet scroller">
      <table>
        <thead><tr><th>SMART</th><th>ISO 29148</th><th>What actually holds at the stakeholder level</th></tr></thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr class="highlight">
            <td><b>Specific</b> <span class="tag ok">applicable</span></td>
            <td>Unambiguous / Singular</td>
            <td>The User-Story format forces <em>who</em>, <em>what</em>, <em>why</em> and squeezes out vague wording. <b>Here the requirement can be checked and improved immediately.</b></td>
          </tr>
          <tr class="highlight">
            <td><b>Relevant</b> <span class="tag ok">applicable</span></td>
            <td>Necessary</td>
            <td>Is the requirement traced to a Business Objective? If not: gold-plating.
              <b>Decidable immediately as well, without any refinement.</b></td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Measurable</td><td>Verifiable</td>
            <td>At this level <em>not</em> testable. Measurable only in the indirect sense that certain System Requirements have to be met.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Attainable</td><td>Feasible</td>
            <td>The reality check only arrives with the refinement to System Requirements and below.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Time-bound</td><td>— not part of ISO</td>
            <td>Only follows from the estimate: if it does not fit into a sprint or increment, it has to be split.</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
    <div class="callout warn">
      <h4>Why Stakeholder Requirements break the ISO criteria — and why that is fine</h4>
      <ul>
        <li><b>Complete / Singular:</b> a bundle of functionality. Only refinement makes it singular and complete.</li>
        <li><b>Unambiguous:</b> broad by nature. The ambiguity is resolved by refining to System Requirements, not by rewording at this level.</li>
        <li><b>Verifiable:</b> Stakeholder Requirement ⇒ <b>Validation</b> (built the right thing?). System Requirement ⇒ <b>Verification</b> (built it right?).</li>
      </ul>
    </div>
  </section>

  <!-- ================= 8. QUALITAETS-FRAGE ================= -->
  <section id="qualitaet">
    <div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">08</span><h2>The quality question<span class="we"></span></h2></div>
    <p class="sec-lede">
      This is where we depart most clearly from both standards. SAFe hangs qualities into the Acceptance Criteria as NFRs; ISO 29148 does carry a quality type at system level but never elaborates it. Neither holds up once a quality affects several features — and that is the normal case.
    </p>

    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="diagram">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 980 410" role="img" aria-label="The same quality copied into three sets of Acceptance Criteria, against one Quality Scenario referenced from those Acceptance Criteria">
          <defs>
            <marker id="q-ar" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="9" refY="5" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse">
              <path d="M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z" fill="currentColor"/>
            </marker>
          </defs>

          <text class="d-h" x="20" y="18" fill="var(--warn)">THE WAY SAFe INTENDS IT · COPY</text>
          <text class="d-h" x="470" y="18" fill="var(--t-quality)">OUR PROPOSAL · REFERENCE</text>

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          <text class="d-s" x="40" y="86">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA</text>
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          <text class="d-s" x="40" y="194">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA</text>
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          <text class="d-s" x="40" y="302">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA</text>
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          <circle class="bul" cx="46" cy="328" r="1.8"/><rect class="d-hl" x="53" y="321" width="94" height="15" rx="2"/><text class="d-n" x="56" y="332" fill="var(--warn)">“response &lt; 2 s”</text>
          <circle class="bul" cx="46" cy="342" r="1.8"/><text class="d-n" x="56" y="346">…</text>

          <text class="d-n" x="20" y="378" fill="var(--warn)">The same statement stands there three times.</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="20" y="396" fill="var(--warn)">If the value changes, you change it three times — or you do not.</text>

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          <text class="d-s" x="490" y="86">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA</text>
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          <text class="d-s" x="490" y="194">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA</text>
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          <text class="d-s" x="845" y="116" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">OPERATIONAL QUALITY</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="845" y="134" text-anchor="middle">REQUIREMENTS SENTENCE</text>
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          <text class="d-s" x="845" y="212" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY SCENARIO</text>
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          <text class="d-n" x="845" y="230" text-anchor="middle">“response &lt; 2 s”</text>
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          <text class="d-n" x="470" y="378" fill="var(--t-quality)">The entry in the Acceptance Criteria points at the scenario</text>
          <text class="d-n" x="470" y="396" fill="var(--t-quality)">instead of repeating its text. Changing it: in one place.</text>
        </svg>
      </div>

      <div class="callout">
        <h4>The rule for which applies when</h4>
        <ul>
          <li><b>Exactly one affected feature</b> — copying is fine. The quality belongs in that one feature’s Acceptance Criteria, just as SAFe intends.</li>
          <li><b>Several affected features or User Stories</b> — the Operational Quality becomes a type of its own, broken into Quality Scenarios that the affected features and User Stories reference.</li>
          <li><b>The test</b>: if changing one value would mean searching in more than one place, copying was the wrong call.</li>
        </ul>
      </div>
    </div>

    <h3>Where the departure comes from</h3>
    <div class="sheet scroller">
      <table>
        <thead><tr><th>Model</th><th>What it says about qualities</th><th>Where it does not hold</th></tr></thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td><b>SAFe</b></td>
            <td>NFRs are hung onto features and User Stories as Acceptance Criteria; they constrain the features but are not features themselves.</td>
            <td>If a quality affects several features, its description is copied into every one of them.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>ISO 29148</b></td>
            <td>At System Requirement level the type <em>Quality</em> exists alongside
              <em>Functional</em> and <em>Constraint</em>.</td>
            <td>The standard does not spell out how a quality becomes concrete and checkable.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><b>Our proposal</b><span class="we"></span></td>
            <td>Operational Quality as a type of its own, broken into Quality Scenarios following the 6-part template — referenceable from features and User Stories.</td>
            <td>Assumes the tool can hold references to several targets.</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
  </section>

  <!-- ================= 9. KANO ================= -->
  <section id="kano">
    <div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">09</span><h2>KANO — the second classification</h2></div>
    <p class="sec-lede">
      Functional / Operational Quality / Developmental Quality says <em>what kind</em> a requirement is. KANO says something entirely different: <em>what meeting it does to customer satisfaction</em>. Both axes hold at once — a functional requirement can be basic, performance, delighter or indifferent.
    </p>

    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="diagram">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 800 430" role="img" aria-label="KANO model: satisfaction over degree of implementation, with separate curves for basic, performance and delighter, plus the decay arrow">
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            </marker>
            <marker id="kdecay" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="8" refY="5" markerWidth="4.5" markerHeight="4.5" orient="auto-start-reverse">
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          <!-- Gesichter -->
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            <circle class="k-eye" cx="267" cy="74" r="1.7"/>
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          <!-- Achsenbeschriftung wie im Original -->
          <text class="k-axis-label" x="288" y="112" text-anchor="end">SATISFIED</text>
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          <text class="k-axis-label" x="62" y="238">NOT IMPLEMENTED AT ALL</text>
          <text class="k-axis-label" x="556" y="202" text-anchor="end">FULLY IMPLEMENTED</text>

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          <path class="k-curve k-basic" d="M 66 368 C 140 364 210 290 560 238"/>

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            <text class="k-label" x="576" y="219" fill="var(--ink-3)">INDIFFERENT</text>
            <text class="k-label" x="576" y="242" fill="var(--warn)">BASIC / MUST-BE</text>
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>
      <p style="margin: 14px 0 0; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 14px; max-width: none;">
        Each curve shows how satisfaction rises as the same requirement moves from “not at all” to “fully implemented”. <b>Basic</b> starts at the very bottom and saturates without ever producing satisfaction · <b>Performance</b> runs linearly through the origin ·
        <b>Delighter</b> starts close to zero — its absence bothers practically nobody — and then rises steeply. The <b>Decay</b>arrow shows how a feature sinks over time from delighter, through performance, down to basic.
      </p>
    </div>

    <h3>The four categories</h3>
    <div class="sheet scroller">
      <table class="kano-cat">
        <thead><tr><th>Category</th><th>When present</th><th>When missing</th><th>Smartphone example</th></tr></thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="kic" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 30 15"><path d="M0 7.5h30" stroke="var(--rule)" stroke-width="1" stroke-dasharray="2 2"/><path d="M1 14 C 6 13.5, 9 10, 29 9" stroke="var(--warn)"/></svg></span><b>Basic / Must-be</b><br><span style="color:var(--ink-2);font-size:13px">Foundation</span></td>
            <td>does <em>not</em> raise satisfaction — customers take it for granted</td>
            <td>strong dissatisfaction</td>
            <td>Being able to make calls; basic safety functions</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="kic" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 30 15"><path d="M0 7.5h30" stroke="var(--rule)" stroke-width="1" stroke-dasharray="2 2"/><path d="M1 14 L29 1" stroke="var(--solution)"/></svg></span><b>Performance</b><br><span style="color:var(--ink-2);font-size:13px">Linear Value</span></td>
            <td>the more the better — directly and linearly</td>
            <td>falling satisfaction, linear as well</td>
            <td>Battery life; processor speed; storage</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="kic" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 30 15"><path d="M0 7.5h30" stroke="var(--rule)" stroke-width="1" stroke-dasharray="2 2"/><path d="M1 7.5 C 12 7, 20 6, 29 1" stroke="var(--ok)"/></svg></span><b>Delighter</b><br><span style="color:var(--ink-2);font-size:13px">Wow factor</span></td>
            <td>unexpected delight, competitive advantage</td>
            <td><em>no</em> dissatisfaction — it was not expected in the first place</td>
            <td>AI integration; a fold-out projector; a free premium subscription</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="kic" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 30 15"><path d="M0 7.5h30" stroke="var(--rule)" stroke-width="1" stroke-dasharray="2 2"/><path d="M1 7.5 L29 7.5" stroke="var(--ink-3)"/></svg></span><b>Indifferent</b><br><span style="color:var(--ink-2);font-size:13px">Noise</span></td>
            <td>little effect — the resources invested are wasted</td>
            <td>little effect</td>
            <td>pre-installed apps nobody uses</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>

    <h3>KANO as a search tool, not just a label</h3>
    <p>
      KANO is applied above all to <b>Stakeholder</b>and <b>System Requirements</b>. The real use is not only sorting what exists, but finding what is missing. A new product, for instance, should deliver <b>Delighter</b>requirements that in turn contribute to particular Business Goals and Objectives. An existing product, conversely, will deliver several <b>Performance</b>requirements over further releases. If too few are planned and delivered, the new version may find little favour with customers and users.
    </p>

    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="diagram">
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          <rect x="480" y="176" width="460" height="34" rx="4" fill="color-mix(in srgb, var(--ok) 14%, transparent)" stroke="var(--ok)" stroke-width="1.4"/>
          <text class="d-s" x="710" y="198" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--ok)">ONLY THIS TRACE TURNS THE IDEA INTO A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE</text>
          <path class="d-e" d="M840 140 L840 172" marker-end="url(#k-ar)" color="var(--ok)" stroke="var(--ok)"/>

          <text class="d-n" x="20" y="234">If no objective fits, a new one can emerge — then the requirement sharpens the business goal, not the other way round.</text>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    <div class="callout">
      <h4>What the category means for the work</h4>
      <ul>
        <li><b>Basic:</b> no prioritization discussion. If it is missing, the product is broken — the effort is to be spent, not negotiated.</li>
        <li><b>Performance:</b> belongs in a <b>Quality Scenario</b> with a response measure. “More is better” only becomes steerable once a range is attached.</li>
        <li><b>Delighter:</b> needs the trace to a Business Objective, otherwise it cannot be told apart from gold-plating.</li>
        <li><b>Indifferent:</b> drop it. The only category that comes with an unambiguous recommendation.</li>
      </ul>
    </div>

  </section>

  <!-- ================= 10. FINDER ================= -->
  <section id="finder">
    <div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">10</span><h2>Format finder for the description</h2></div>
    <p class="sec-lede">
      Pick level and classification — out comes the format, the refinement path and the attribute template.
    </p>

    <div class="sheet">
      <div class="finder-controls">
        <div class="field">
          <label for="f-level">Level</label>
          <select id="f-level">
            <option value="sr">Stakeholder Requirement (Epic)</option>
            <option value="sys">System Requirement (Feature)</option>
            <option value="story">User Story</option>
            <option value="con">Constraint</option>
          </select>
        </div>
        <div class="field">
          <label for="f-cat">Classification</label>
          <select id="f-cat">
            <option value="fn">Functional</option>
            <option value="oq">Operational Quality</option>
          </select>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="finder-out">
        <div class="finder-grid">
          <div class="fo-cell"><h4>Artifact</h4><p id="fo-type"></p></div>
          <div class="fo-cell"><h4>Format of the description</h4><p id="fo-form"></p></div>
          <div class="fo-cell"><h4>Parent reference</h4><p id="fo-parent"></p></div>
          <div class="fo-cell"><h4>Acceptance Criteria</h4><p id="fo-ac"></p></div>
        </div>
        <div class="fo-cell" style="margin-top:18px">
          <h4>Attributes</h4>
          <div class="fo-fields" id="fo-fields"></div>
        </div>
        <div class="fo-cell" style="margin-top:18px">
          <h4>Note</h4>
          <p id="fo-note" style="color: var(--ink-2)"></p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </section>

  <!-- ================= 11. STRUKTUR ================= -->
  <section id="struktur">
    <div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">11</span><h2>Structure &amp; derivation at a glance</h2></div>
    <p class="sec-lede">
      Where each artifact comes from, what it hangs on, what it is accepted against, and in what timeframe it should be finished.
    </p>

    <div class="sheet scroller">
      <table>
        <thead><tr><th>Artifact</th><th>Comes from</th><th>Parent reference</th><th>Acceptance Criteria</th><th>Timeframe</th></tr></thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="ic c-stakeholder" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2" y="3.5" width="16" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="4" y="8.5" width="12" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="6" y="13.5" width="8" height="3" rx="1.5"/></svg></span><b>Stakeholder Requirement</b><br><span style="color:var(--ink-2);font-size:13px">SAFe: Epic</span></td>
            <td>customer request, market requirement, standards and regulations</td>
            <td><b>traces to</b> a Business Objective</td>
            <td>functional: Elaboration Use Case · quality: Quality Scenarios<br><span style="color:var(--ink-2);font-size:13px">neither one is Acceptance Criteria</span></td>
            <td>2–6 months</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="ic c-system" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2.5" y="4" width="15" height="12" rx="2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><rect x="5.5" y="7" width="9" height="6" rx="1"/></svg></span><b>System Requirement</b><br><span style="color:var(--ink-2);font-size:13px">SAFe: Feature</span></td>
            <td>success scenario · alternative flow · variation of the stakeholder use case</td>
            <td>belongs to the Stakeholder Requirement from whose use case it was derived</td>
            <td>its own, narrower use case</td>
            <td>1 PI, 8–12 weeks</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="ic c-story" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="5.5" r="2.6" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><path d="M4.5 16.5c0-3 2.5-5 5.5-5s5.5 2 5.5 5" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg></span><b>User Story</b></td>
            <td>one or more interactions from the feature’s Acceptance Criteria</td>
            <td>Feature Parent</td>
            <td>1..n GWT statements</td>
            <td>1 Sprint, 2–4 weeks</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="ic c-quality" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M2 14.5h4l2.5-9 3 12 2.5-7h4" fill="none" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></span><b>Quality Scenario</b></td>
            <td>of an Operational Quality, applied to a set of features or User Stories</td>
            <td>the Operational Quality; plus the features and User Stories that form the stimulus</td>
            <td>is itself the acceptance criterion</td>
            <td>—</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><span class="ic c-plain" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M7.5 3.5h-4v13h4M12.5 3.5h4v13h-4" fill="none" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></span><b>Constraint</b></td>
            <td>law, budget, schedule, technology, design</td>
            <td>—</td>
            <td>— not decomposed</td>
            <td>—</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>

  </section>

  <footer class="colophon">
    <span>Version: August 2026</span>
    <img class="cogc" alt="Cape of Good Code" src="data:image/png;base64,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">
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    'use strict';

    /* ---- Format-Finder ---- */
    var FINDER = {
      'sr|fn': {
        type: '<a class="jumplink" href="#k-stakeholder">Stakeholder Requirement <span class="tag problem">Epic</span></a>',
        form: '<b>User-Story format</b> — As a &lt;role&gt; I want &lt;goal&gt;, so that &lt;benefit&gt;.',
        parent: 'traces to a <b>Business Objective</b>',
        ac: '<b>one</b> coarse <b>Elaboration Use Case</b>: success scenario + alternative flows + variations',
        fields: ['Title', 'Owner', 'Source', 'Description', 'Estimate', 'Business Outcome', 'Leading Indicators'],
        note: 'Deliberately coarse. Do not try to make it singular or testable — that only happens with the refinement to features. SMART criteria that apply at this level: Specific and Relevant, and no others.'
      },
      'sr|oq': {
        type: '<a class="jumplink" href="#k-stakeholder">Stakeholder Requirement <span class="tag problem">Epic</span></a>',
        form: '<b>Requirements-Sentence format</b> — [Condition] Subject shall Action Object [Constraint].',
        parent: 'traces to a <b>Business Objective</b>',
        ac: '<b>Quality Scenarios</b> — typically 6–7 of them, each set of features held to a different standard',
        fields: ['Title', 'Owner', 'Source', 'Description', 'Estimate', 'Business Outcome', 'Leading Indicators'],
        note: 'An Operational Quality does not give rise to functional features. It becomes concrete through Quality Scenarios — as the acceptance criterion of the one affected feature, or, when several are affected, as an Operational Feature of its own that those features reference.'
      },
      'sys|*': {
        type: '<a class="jumplink" href="#k-system">System Requirement <span class="tag solution">Feature</span></a>',
        form: '<b>User-Story format</b> — plus Problem Statement (which problem) and Benefit/Value (who gains what).',
        parent: 'derived from one path through the stakeholder use case',
        ac: 'its own, narrower <b>Use Case</b>',
        fields: ['Title', 'Severity', 'Description', 'Problem Statement', 'Benefit/Value', 'Acceptance Criteria'],
        note: 'The normal case is functional and carries no category. On the same level, though, sit the Operational Feature for an Operational Quality and the Architecture Enabler for a developmental one. It has to be bounded: fully developable and testable within one PI.'
      },
      'story|*': {
        type: '<a class="jumplink" href="#k-story">User Story</a>',
        form: '<b>User-Story format</b> — a single user interaction, no more.',
        parent: 'the <b>feature</b> from whose Acceptance Criteria it was sliced',
        ac: 'one or more <b>GWT statements</b>',
        fields: ['Title (optional)', 'Description', 'Acceptance Criteria', 'Feature Parent'],
        note: 'ISO 29148 has no counterpart for this level — the User Story is a SAFe level. Not to be confused with the Sub-System Requirement, which some organizations keep at the level of the System Element Requirement: that is already solution space. For the User Story to hold, it has to span the subsystems and describe user interaction rather than turning component-specific.'
      },
      'con|*': {
        type: '<a class="jumplink" href="#k-constraint">Constraint <span class="tag plain">not negotiable</span></a>',
        form: '<b>Requirements-Sentence format</b> with the imperative <b>“will”</b>',
        parent: '— a constraint hangs on no level at all',
        ac: '— constraints are not decomposed',
        fields: ['Title', 'Description'],
        note: 'A constraint narrows the solution space; it does not describe system behavior — hence “will” rather than “shall”.'
      }
    };

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      var r = FINDER[key];
      if (!r) { return; }

      document.getElementById('fo-type').innerHTML = r.type;
      document.getElementById('fo-form').innerHTML = r.form;
      document.getElementById('fo-parent').innerHTML = r.parent;
      document.getElementById('fo-ac').innerHTML = r.ac;
      document.getElementById('fo-note').textContent = r.note;

      var box = document.getElementById('fo-fields');
      box.innerHTML = '';
      r.fields.forEach(function (name) {
        var el = document.createElement('span');
        el.className = 'tag plain';
        el.textContent = name;
        box.appendChild(el);
      });
    }

    levelEl.addEventListener('change', renderFinder);
    catEl.addEventListener('change', renderFinder);
    renderFinder();

    /* ---- Struktur-Panel ---- */
    var mp = document.getElementById('modelpanel');
    if (mp) {
      var bBase = document.getElementById('p-base');
      var bProp = document.getElementById('p-prop');
      var pnote = document.getElementById('panelnote');
      var PNOTES = {
        base: 'SAFe on the left, ISO 29148 on the right, the uncontested mappings in between. In SAFe, Acceptance Criteria come in <b>two forms</b>: functional — and non-functional, because NFRs are kept there as Acceptance Criteria of a feature or a User Story as well. The NFR box is optional: it appears as soon as a quality affects that feature. On the ISO side, Functional, Quality and Constraint stand as the three classes of the system level; the quality type is <b>not elaborated any further</b> there. ISO has no counterpart to the User Story; the proprietary Sub-System Requirement sits at the level of the System Element Requirement and is already solution space.',
        prop: 'Four things are added. <b>Formats</b> per level, the same on both sides. The <b>Quality Scenario</b>, which is referenced rather than copied. Ahead of it SAFe additionally needs the <b>Operational Quality</b> as a type of its own; ISO does not, because the System Requirement Quality is already there. On the ISO side, the split into Functional, Quality and Constraint <b>already at the stakeholder level</b>; between the two constraint boxes no arrow runs, and that is deliberate. And the System Requirement Functional gets the same internal structure as the feature. For the Acceptance Criteria we recommend throughout: a <b>Use Case</b> on the feature or System Requirement, <b>GWT statements</b> on the User Story. Everything else stays as it was: the enablers as much as the Acceptance Criteria, because a quality that affects exactly one feature simply stays in there.'
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        mp.setAttribute('data-view', v);
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      };
      bBase.addEventListener('click', function () { setView('base'); });
      bProp.addEventListener('click', function () { setView('prop'); });
      setView('base');
    }

    /* ---- Scrollspy ----
       Deterministic instead of IntersectionObserver-driven: a narrow "active
       band" (the previous approach) can be skipped entirely by short sections,
       and the last section on the page often can never scroll into any fixed
       band because the document simply runs out of room below it -- both
       leave a stale, earlier section highlighted. Recomputing "the last
       section whose top has passed a fixed line" on every scroll frame has no
       such gap, and the explicit bottom-of-page check guarantees the final
       nav item is highlighted once you can't scroll any further. */
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    var setActive = function (id) {
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      var active = byId[id];
      if (active) { active.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true'); }
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    var spyTicking = false;
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      var line = window.innerHeight * 0.25;
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      sections.forEach(function (s) {
        if (s.getBoundingClientRect().top <= line) { currentId = s.id; }
      });
      var atBottom = window.innerHeight + window.scrollY >= document.documentElement.scrollHeight - 2;
      if (atBottom) { currentId = sections[sections.length - 1].id; }
      setActive(currentId);
    };
    var requestSpyUpdate = function () {
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    };

    window.addEventListener('scroll', requestSpyUpdate, { passive: true });
    window.addEventListener('resize', requestSpyUpdate);
    updateActive();
  }());
</script>