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2299 lines (2088 loc) · 144 KB
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<title>ARE Cheat-Sheet — Requirements ab Stakeholder-Ebene</title>
<style>
/* ---------- tokens ---------- */
:root {
--paper: #e9edf1;
--sheet: #ffffff;
--sheet-2: #f3f6f9;
--ink: #121a24;
--ink-2: #55616f;
--ink-3: #7c8794;
--rule: #c9d3dc;
--rule-soft: #e0e7ed;
--problem: #574aa0;
--problem-bg: #efecfb;
--solution: #0c6360;
--solution-bg:#e2f2f0;
--warn: #a03d24;
--warn-bg: #fbeae4;
--ok: #4a6b2f;
--ok-bg: #ecf3e3;
--shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(18,26,36,.06), 0 8px 24px -16px rgba(18,26,36,.24);
--sans: "Segoe UI Variable Display", "Segoe UI", system-ui, -apple-system, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;
--serif: "Iowan Old Style", "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
--mono: "Cascadia Mono", Consolas, ui-monospace, "SF Mono", Menlo, monospace;
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
:root {
--paper: #0b1017;
--sheet: #131b24;
--sheet-2: #18222d;
--ink: #e2e9f0;
--ink-2: #97a4b2;
--ink-3: #74818f;
--rule: #2a3642;
--rule-soft: #202b36;
--problem: #a89cf2;
--problem-bg: #221f3a;
--solution: #4ec6bd;
--solution-bg:#0e2b2c;
--warn: #e89273;
--warn-bg: #2f1d16;
--ok: #a3c778;
--ok-bg: #1c2617;
--shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.4), 0 12px 32px -20px rgba(0,0,0,.8);
}
}
:root[data-theme="light"] {
--paper: #e9edf1; --sheet: #ffffff; --sheet-2: #f3f6f9;
--ink: #121a24; --ink-2: #55616f; --ink-3: #7c8794;
--rule: #c9d3dc; --rule-soft: #e0e7ed;
--problem: #574aa0; --problem-bg: #efecfb;
--solution: #0c6360; --solution-bg: #e2f2f0;
--warn: #a03d24; --warn-bg: #fbeae4;
--ok: #4a6b2f; --ok-bg: #ecf3e3;
--shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(18,26,36,.06), 0 8px 24px -16px rgba(18,26,36,.24);
}
:root[data-theme="dark"] {
--paper: #0b1017; --sheet: #131b24; --sheet-2: #18222d;
--ink: #e2e9f0; --ink-2: #97a4b2; --ink-3: #74818f;
--rule: #2a3642; --rule-soft: #202b36;
--problem: #a89cf2; --problem-bg: #221f3a;
--solution: #4ec6bd; --solution-bg: #0e2b2c;
--warn: #e89273; --warn-bg: #2f1d16;
--ok: #a3c778; --ok-bg: #1c2617;
--shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.4), 0 12px 32px -20px rgba(0,0,0,.8);
}
/* ---------- base ---------- */
* { box-sizing: border-box; }
body {
margin: 0;
background: var(--paper);
color: var(--ink);
font-family: var(--sans);
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.6;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
}
a { color: var(--solution); text-underline-offset: 3px; }
:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--problem); outline-offset: 2px; border-radius: 2px; }
.wrap { max-width: 1120px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 20px 96px; }
/* ---------- masthead ---------- */
header.masthead {
padding: 56px 0 28px;
border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink);
}
.masthead-top {
display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: flex-start;
gap: 16px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 14px;
}
.eyebrow {
font-family: var(--mono);
font-size: 11.5px;
letter-spacing: .16em;
text-transform: uppercase;
color: var(--ink-3);
margin: 0;
}
.masthead-actions { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; flex: none; }
/* Language names, not flags: a flag names a country, and neither language
belongs to one. The current language is stated rather than linked. */
.lang { display: inline-flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 6px; margin-right: 4px;
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: .03em; }
.lang .here { color: var(--ink); }
.lang .sep { color: var(--rule); }
.lang a { color: var(--ink-3); text-decoration: none; }
.lang a:hover { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; }
.feedback-btn, .poster-btn {
display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 7px; flex: none;
font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 13.5px; font-weight: 600;
padding: 9px 16px; border-radius: 999px; text-decoration: none;
white-space: nowrap;
}
.feedback-btn { background: var(--ink); color: var(--paper); }
.poster-btn { border: 1.5px solid var(--rule); color: var(--ink); }
.feedback-btn:hover { background: #0c6360; color: var(--paper); }
.poster-btn:hover { border-color: var(--ink); }
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .feedback-btn:hover { background: #4ec6bd; } }
h1 {
font-size: clamp(30px, 5vw, 48px);
line-height: 1.08;
letter-spacing: -.025em;
font-weight: 700;
margin: 0 0 16px;
text-wrap: balance;
}
.standfirst {
font-family: var(--serif);
font-size: clamp(17px, 2.2vw, 20px);
line-height: 1.55;
color: var(--ink-2);
max-width: 62ch;
margin: 0 0 24px;
}
.sourcebar {
display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px 24px;
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 12px; color: var(--ink-3);
padding-top: 4px;
}
.sourcebar b { color: var(--ink-2); font-weight: 600; }
/* ---------- nav ---------- */
nav.jump {
position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 20;
background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--paper) 90%, transparent);
backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
margin-bottom: 40px;
}
.jump-inner {
max-width: 1120px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 8px 20px;
display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 3px 4px;
}
.jump a {
flex: none; line-height: 1.4;
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11.5px; letter-spacing: .06em;
text-transform: uppercase; text-decoration: none;
color: var(--ink-2); padding: 6px 10px; border-radius: 3px;
white-space: nowrap;
}
.jump a:hover { background: var(--sheet-2); color: var(--ink); }
.jump a[aria-current="true"] { background: var(--ink); color: var(--paper); }
/* ---------- sections ---------- */
section { margin: 0 0 56px; scroll-margin-top: 64px; }
.sec-head { display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.sec-num {
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: .1em;
color: var(--ink-3); border: 1px solid var(--rule); border-radius: 2px;
padding: 1px 6px;
}
h2 { font-size: clamp(22px, 3vw, 28px); letter-spacing: -.02em; margin: 0; font-weight: 700; }
.sec-lede { color: var(--ink-2); max-width: 66ch; margin: 8px 0 24px; }
h3 { font-size: 17px; margin: 32px 0 10px; letter-spacing: -.01em; }
h3:first-child { margin-top: 0; }
p { max-width: 68ch; }
/* ---------- sheet ---------- */
.sheet {
background: var(--sheet);
border: 1px solid var(--rule);
border-radius: 4px;
box-shadow: var(--shadow);
padding: 22px;
}
.sheet + .sheet { margin-top: 16px; }
/* ---------- badges ---------- */
.tag {
display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px;
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 600;
letter-spacing: .08em; text-transform: uppercase;
padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 2px; white-space: nowrap;
}
.tag.problem { background: var(--problem-bg); color: var(--problem); }
.tag.solution { background: var(--solution-bg); color: var(--solution); }
.tag.warn { background: var(--warn-bg); color: var(--warn); }
.tag.ok { background: var(--ok-bg); color: var(--ok); }
.tag.plain { background: var(--sheet-2); color: var(--ink-2); border: 1px solid var(--rule-soft); }
code, .mono { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: .92em; }
code {
background: var(--sheet-2); border: 1px solid var(--rule-soft);
padding: 1px 5px; border-radius: 3px; color: var(--ink);
}
.missing { color: var(--warn); }
/* ---------- tables ---------- */
.scroller { overflow-x: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; }
table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; min-width: 620px; font-size: 14.5px; }
th, td { text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding: 10px 14px 10px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule-soft); }
th {
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: .1em;
text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ink-3); font-weight: 600;
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); padding-bottom: 8px;
}
tbody tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }
tr.highlight td { background: var(--ok-bg); }
tr.highlight td:first-child { box-shadow: inset 3px 0 0 var(--ok); padding-left: 11px; }
table.kano-cat td:first-child, table.kano-cat th:first-child { white-space: nowrap; }
/* ---------- ladder ---------- */
.ladder { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 2px; }
.rung {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 250px 1fr;
gap: 0 24px;
align-items: start;
padding: 16px 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule-soft);
}
.rung:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
.rung-iso {
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: .08em;
text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ink-3); display: block; margin-bottom: 4px;
}
.rung-iso.missing { color: var(--warn); }
.rung-name { font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -.01em; }
.rung-safe { font-family: var(--serif); font-style: italic; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 15px; }
.rung-body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; }
.rung-meta { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px; }
.rung-note { color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 14.5px; margin: 0; }
.rung-rail { padding-left: 12px; }
.rung-rail.lvl-0 { border-left: 2px dashed var(--rule); margin-left: 0; }
.rung-rail.lvl-1 { border-left: 2px solid var(--problem); margin-left: 0; }
.rung-rail.lvl-2 { border-left: 2px solid var(--solution); margin-left: 16px; }
.rung-rail.lvl-3 { border-left: 2px solid var(--solution); margin-left: 32px; }
.rung-rail.lvl-4 { border-left: 2px solid var(--t-task); padding-left: 12px; margin-left: 48px; }
/* ---------- Typfarben (gleiche Codierung wie das Uebersichts-SVG) ---------- */
:root {
--t-business:#a8811a; --t-stakeholder:#7b4fb0; --t-system:#2f7d43;
--t-story:#2c6ea8; --t-task:#5a6672; --t-quality:#0f7d76;
--t-constraint:#6b747d; --t-enabler:#6b5e1f;
--we-bg:#111820; --we-fg:#f3f6f9;
--logo-plate:transparent; --logo-pad:0;
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
:root {
--t-business:#e0c05a; --t-stakeholder:#bda1ee; --t-system:#6fc386;
--t-story:#77b4e8; --t-task:#9aa7b4; --t-quality:#5fc9c0;
--t-constraint:#98a2ad; --t-enabler:#dcc97a;
--we-bg:#e8eef4; --we-fg:#0b1017;
--logo-plate:#ffffff; --logo-pad:6px 9px;
}
}
:root[data-theme="light"]{--t-business:#a8811a;--t-stakeholder:#7b4fb0;--t-system:#2f7d43;--t-story:#2c6ea8;--t-task:#5a6672;--t-quality:#0f7d76;--t-constraint:#6b747d;--t-enabler:#6b5e1f;--we-bg:#111820;--we-fg:#f3f6f9;--logo-plate:transparent;--logo-pad:0;}
:root[data-theme="dark"]{--t-business:#e0c05a;--t-stakeholder:#bda1ee;--t-system:#6fc386;--t-story:#77b4e8;--t-task:#9aa7b4;--t-quality:#5fc9c0;--t-constraint:#98a2ad;--t-enabler:#dcc97a;--we-bg:#e8eef4;--we-fg:#0b1017;--logo-plate:#ffffff;--logo-pad:6px 9px;}
a.jumplink { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--ink-3); }
a.jumplink:hover { border-bottom-color: var(--solution); color: var(--solution); }
a.jumplink::after { content: " ↗"; font-size: .85em; color: var(--ink-3); }
.we {
display:inline-flex; align-items:center; font-family:var(--mono); font-size:9.5px;
font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.1em; background:var(--we-bg); color:var(--we-fg);
padding:2px 5px; border-radius:2px; vertical-align:2px; margin-left:7px;
}
.we::before { content:"WE"; }
.ic { display:inline-block; width:17px; height:17px; vertical-align:-3px; margin-right:8px; }
.ic svg { width:17px; height:17px; display:block; }
.ic.c-story svg { fill:var(--t-story); stroke:var(--t-story); }
.ic.c-system svg { fill:var(--t-system); stroke:var(--t-system); }
.ic.c-quality svg { fill:var(--t-quality); stroke:var(--t-quality); }
.ic.c-plain svg { fill:var(--ink-3); stroke:var(--ink-3); }
.ic.c-business svg { fill:var(--t-business); stroke:var(--t-business); }
.ic.c-stakeholder svg { fill:var(--t-stakeholder); stroke:var(--t-stakeholder); }
.ic.c-task svg { fill:var(--t-task); stroke:var(--t-task); }
.c-business i svg { fill:var(--t-business); stroke:var(--t-business); }
.c-stakeholder i svg { fill:var(--t-stakeholder); stroke:var(--t-stakeholder); }
.c-system i svg { fill:var(--t-system); stroke:var(--t-system); }
.c-story i svg { fill:var(--t-story); stroke:var(--t-story); }
.c-task i svg { fill:var(--t-task); stroke:var(--t-task); }
.c-quality i svg { fill:var(--t-quality); stroke:var(--t-quality); }
.c-constraint i svg { fill:var(--t-constraint); stroke:var(--t-constraint); }
.c-enabler i svg { fill:var(--t-enabler); stroke:var(--t-enabler); }
.rung-name .ic { margin-right:7px; }
.kic { display:inline-block; width:30px; height:15px; vertical-align:-2px; margin-right:9px; }
.kic svg { width:30px; height:15px; display:block; }
.kic path { fill:none; stroke-width:2; stroke-linecap:round; }
.swatches { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(200px,1fr)); gap:10px 16px; margin:0; }
.sw { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:9px; font-size:13.5px; }
.sw i { flex:none; width:24px; height:24px; border-radius:5px; border:1.5px solid;
display:grid; place-items:center; }
.sw i svg { width:15px; height:15px; display:block; }
.sw b { font-weight:600; }
.sw span { color:var(--ink-2); font-size:12.5px; }
.c-business i{border-color:var(--t-business);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-business) 22%,transparent)}
.c-stakeholder i{border-color:var(--t-stakeholder);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-stakeholder) 22%,transparent)}
.c-system i{border-color:var(--t-system);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-system) 22%,transparent)}
.c-story i{border-color:var(--t-story);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-story) 22%,transparent)}
.c-task i{border-color:var(--t-task);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-task) 14%,transparent)}
.c-quality i{border-color:var(--t-quality);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-quality) 22%,transparent)}
.c-constraint i{border-color:var(--t-constraint);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-constraint) 26%,transparent)}
.c-enabler i{border-color:var(--t-enabler);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-enabler) 26%,transparent)}
/* Struktur-Panel */
.panelbar { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:10px 14px; align-items:center; padding:0 0 16px; }
.swlabel { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:10.5px; letter-spacing:.12em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--ink-3); }
.seg { display:inline-flex; border:1px solid var(--rule); border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; }
.seg button { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:11.5px; letter-spacing:.05em; background:var(--sheet);
color:var(--ink-2); border:none; padding:7px 14px; cursor:pointer; }
.seg button + button { border-left:1px solid var(--rule); }
.seg button[aria-pressed="true"] { background:var(--ink); color:var(--paper); }
.seg button:hover:not([aria-pressed="true"]) { color:var(--ink); }
.panel[data-view="base"] .only-prop { display:none; }
.panel[data-view="prop"] .only-base { display:none; }
/* Diagramm-Bausteine */
.d-h { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:11px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.14em; fill:var(--ink-3); }
.d-model { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:19px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:-.01em; fill:var(--ink); }
.d-t { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:10.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.05em; }
.d-s { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:9px; letter-spacing:.05em; fill:var(--ink-2); }
.d-s .fmt { fill:var(--ink); font-weight:700; }
.d-n { font-family:var(--sans); font-size:11.5px; fill:var(--ink-2); }
.d-hl { fill:var(--warn); opacity:.16; }
.d-hl.q { fill:var(--t-quality); }
.d-inv { fill:var(--paper); }
.d-e { stroke:var(--ink-3); fill:none; stroke-width:1.4; }
.d-e-ref { stroke:var(--t-quality); fill:none; stroke-width:1.5; stroke-dasharray:5 3; }
.d-map path { stroke:var(--ink-3); fill:none; stroke-width:1; stroke-dasharray:3 3; }
.d-e-dash { stroke:var(--ink-3); fill:none; stroke-width:1.3; stroke-dasharray:4 3; }
.bul { fill:var(--ink-3); }
.ifc { fill:var(--sheet); stroke:var(--rule); stroke-width:1.2; rx:3; }
.ifc.risk { stroke:var(--warn); stroke-width:2; }
.pers circle, .pers path { fill:none; stroke:var(--t-stakeholder); stroke-width:1.8; stroke-linecap:round; }
.d-el { font-family:var(--mono); font-size:9px; letter-spacing:.04em; fill:var(--ink-2); }
.bx { stroke-width:1.6; rx:4; }
.bx-business{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-business) 22%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-business)}
.bx-stakeholder{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-stakeholder) 22%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-stakeholder)}
.bx-system{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-system) 22%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-system)}
.bx-story{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-story) 22%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-story)}
.bx-task{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-task) 12%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-task)}
.bx-quality{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-quality) 20%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-quality)}
.bx-constraint{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-constraint) 26%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-constraint)}
.bx-enabler{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-enabler) 16%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-enabler)}
.bx-blackbox{fill:var(--ink);stroke:var(--ink)}
.bx-ac{fill:var(--sheet-2);stroke:var(--rule)}
.bx-ac-opt{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--t-quality) 10%,transparent);stroke:var(--t-quality);stroke-dasharray:6 3}
.side{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--ink) 4%,transparent);stroke:var(--rule);stroke-width:1;rx:8}
.bx-ghost{fill:none;stroke:var(--rule);stroke-dasharray:5 4}
.we-svg rect{fill:var(--we-bg)}
.we-svg text{fill:var(--we-fg);font-family:var(--mono);font-size:8px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em}
/* ---------- type cards ---------- */
.cards { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(340px, 1fr)); gap: 16px; }
.card {
scroll-margin-top: 72px;
background: var(--sheet); border: 1px solid var(--rule); border-radius: 4px;
box-shadow: var(--shadow); padding: 18px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px;
}
.card-top { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; }
.card-icon { flex: none; width: 22px; height: 22px; display: block; }
.card-icon svg { width: 22px; height: 22px; display: block; }
.card-icon.c-stakeholder svg { fill: var(--t-stakeholder); stroke: var(--t-stakeholder); }
.card-icon.c-system svg { fill: var(--t-system); stroke: var(--t-system); }
.card-icon.c-story svg { fill: var(--t-story); stroke: var(--t-story); }
.card-icon.c-quality svg { fill: var(--t-quality); stroke: var(--t-quality); }
.card-icon.c-constraint svg { fill: var(--t-constraint); stroke: var(--t-constraint); }
.card-icon.c-enabler svg { fill: var(--t-enabler); stroke: var(--t-enabler); }
.card-icon.plain svg { fill: var(--ink-3); stroke: var(--ink-3); }
.card-name { flex: 1; font-size: 15.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -.01em; }
.card-top .tag { flex: none; }
.card-def { font-family: var(--serif); color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0; }
.attrs {
background: var(--sheet-2); border: 1px solid var(--rule-soft);
border-radius: 3px; padding: 12px 14px;
}
.attrs h5 {
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase;
color: var(--ink-3); margin: 0 0 8px; font-weight: 600;
}
.attr-list {
display: grid; grid-template-columns: max-content 1fr; gap: 5px 14px;
margin: 0; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.45;
}
.attr-list dt { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11.5px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--ink); }
.attr-list dd { margin: 0; color: var(--ink-2); }
.kv { display: grid; grid-template-columns: max-content 1fr; gap: 6px 14px; font-size: 13.5px; }
.kv dt {
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10.5px; letter-spacing: .08em; text-transform: uppercase;
color: var(--ink-3); padding-top: 3px;
}
.kv dd { margin: 0; }
/* ---------- template blocks ---------- */
.tpl {
background: var(--sheet-2); border: 1px solid var(--rule-soft);
border-left: 3px solid var(--solution);
border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0; padding: 12px 14px;
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.65;
white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-x: auto;
}
.tpl.problem { border-left-color: var(--problem); }
.tpl-label {
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10.5px; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase;
color: var(--ink-3); margin: 18px 0 6px; font-weight: 600;
}
.tpl-label:first-child { margin-top: 0; }
.ex {
font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 15px; color: var(--ink-2);
border-left: 3px solid var(--rule); padding-left: 14px; margin: 10px 0 0;
}
.ex b { color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; font-style: normal; }
.rung-ex {
font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 14px; color: var(--ink-2);
border-left: 3px solid var(--rule); padding-left: 12px; margin: 0;
}
.rung-ex b {
display: block; margin-bottom: 2px;
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10.5px; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase;
color: var(--ink-3); font-weight: 600;
}
/* ---------- diagram ---------- */
.diagram { overflow-x: auto; padding: 8px 0 4px; }
.diagram svg { display: block; min-width: 740px; }
/* ---------- kano ---------- */
.k-axis { stroke: var(--rule); stroke-width: 1.2; }
.k-curve { fill: none; stroke-width: 2.4; stroke-linecap: round; }
.k-basic { stroke: var(--warn); }
.k-perf { stroke: var(--solution); }
.k-delight { stroke: var(--ok); }
.k-decay { stroke: var(--problem); stroke-width: 7; fill: none; stroke-linecap: butt; }
.k-label { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10.5px; letter-spacing: .06em; font-weight: 600; }
.k-axis-label { fill: var(--ink-3); font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: .1em; }
.k-axis-title { fill: var(--ink-2); font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: .14em; font-weight: 600; }
.k-grid { stroke: var(--rule-soft); stroke-width: 1; }
.k-face { fill: none; stroke: var(--ink-3); stroke-width: 1.4; }
.k-face .k-eye { fill: var(--ink-3); stroke: none; }
.k-face .k-mouth { fill: none; stroke: var(--ink-3); stroke-width: 1.6; stroke-linecap: round; }
/* ---------- finder ---------- */
.finder-controls { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.field { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; min-width: 220px; flex: 1; }
.field label {
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10.5px; letter-spacing: .1em;
text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ink-3);
}
select {
font-family: var(--sans); font-size: 15px; color: var(--ink);
background: var(--sheet-2); border: 1px solid var(--rule);
border-radius: 3px; padding: 9px 10px; width: 100%;
}
.finder-out { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding-top: 18px; }
.finder-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(180px, 1fr)); gap: 18px; }
.fo-cell h4 {
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 10.5px; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase;
color: var(--ink-3); margin: 0 0 6px; font-weight: 600;
}
.fo-cell p { margin: 0; font-size: 14.5px; }
.fo-fields { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 5px; }
.callout {
background: var(--ok-bg); border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--ok) 35%, transparent);
border-radius: 4px; padding: 16px 18px; margin-top: 24px;
}
.callout.warn { background: var(--warn-bg); border-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--warn) 35%, transparent); }
.callout h4 { margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: 15px; }
.callout ul { margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; font-size: 14.5px; color: var(--ink-2); }
.callout li { margin-bottom: 4px; }
.callout li b { color: var(--ink); }
ul.cell-list { margin: 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 4px; }
ul.cell-list li { position: relative; padding-left: 14px; }
ul.cell-list li::before {
content: ""; position: absolute; left: 0; top: .62em;
width: 5px; height: 5px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--ink-3);
}
ul.tight { margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; }
ul.tight li { margin-bottom: 5px; }
footer.colophon {
border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); margin-top: 24px; padding-top: 20px;
font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11.5px; color: var(--ink-3);
display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 6px 24px;
}
footer.colophon .cogc {
/* content-box so the dark-mode plate grows outward instead of shrinking the
mark, which would leave the logo a different size in each theme. */
box-sizing: content-box;
margin-left: auto; flex: none; width: 110px; height: auto;
background: var(--logo-plate); padding: var(--logo-pad); border-radius: 5px;
}
@media (max-width: 720px) {
.rung { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; }
.attr-list, .kv { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 2px 0; }
.attr-list dd, .kv dd { margin-bottom: 8px; }
}
@media print {
nav.jump, .panelbar { display: none; }
.sheet, .card { box-shadow: none; break-inside: avoid; }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
* { transition: none !important; animation: none !important; }
}
</style>
<header class="masthead">
<div class="wrap">
<div class="masthead-top">
<p class="eyebrow">Advanced Requirements Engineering · Cheat Sheet</p>
<div class="masthead-actions">
<span class="lang"><span class="here">Deutsch</span><span class="sep">·</span><a href="../en/cheat-sheet/" hreflang="en" lang="en">English</a></span>
<a class="poster-btn" href="../poster/">🖼 Poster</a>
<a class="feedback-btn" href="https://github.com/CapeOfGoodCode/requirements-engineering/issues/new" target="_blank" rel="noopener">💬 Feedback geben</a>
</div>
</div>
<h1>Vom Stakeholder Requirement bis zu den Acceptance Criteria</h1>
<p class="standfirst">
Welche Requirement-Typen es gibt, wie sie sich auf SAFe abbilden lassen, mit welchem Format man
welche Ebene beschreibt und wie die Dekomposition nach unten läuft.
</p>
<div class="sourcebar">
<span><b>Grundlage:</b> ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018 · SAFe · Cockburn · Bass/Clements/Kazman</span>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<nav class="jump" aria-label="Abschnitte">
<div class="jump-inner">
<a href="#ebenen">Ebenen & SAFe</a>
<a href="#artefakte">Artefakte</a>
<a href="#formate">Formate</a>
<a href="#dekomposition">Dekomposition</a>
<a href="#grenzen">System Boundaries</a>
<a href="#domain">Domain Model</a>
<a href="#klassifikation">Klassifikation</a>
<a href="#qualitaet">Quality-Frage</a>
<a href="#kano">KANO</a>
<a href="#finder">Format-Finder</a>
<a href="#struktur">Struktur & Ableitung</a>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="wrap">
<!-- ================= 1. EBENEN ================= -->
<section id="ebenen">
<div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">01</span><h2>Die Ebenen und die beiden Modelle</h2></div>
<p class="sec-lede">
Eine Ebene tiefer heißt: konkreter, kleiner, näher an der Lösung. Alle Ebenen bis zur User
Story bleiben dabei <b>implementierungsfrei</b> — sie sagen, <em>was</em> gelten soll. Erst beim
System Element Requirement wird festgelegt, <em>wie</em> es gebaut wird.
</p>
<div class="sheet">
<div class="ladder">
<div class="rung">
<div class="rung-rail lvl-0">
<span class="rung-iso">ISO 29148 · Business Requirement (BRS)</span>
<span class="rung-name"><span class="ic c-business" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="7" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="2.6"/></svg></span>Business Goal</span><br>
<span class="rung-safe">Mission, Ziele, Opportunities</span>
</div>
<div class="rung-body">
<div class="rung-meta">
<span class="tag plain">wird nicht zerlegt</span>
<span class="tag plain">Trace-Ziel</span>
</div>
<p class="rung-ex"><b>Beispiel</b>Die Take-Rate der Infotainment-Premium-Option maximieren,
um die hohen lokalen Fertigungskosten auszugleichen.</p>
<p class="rung-note">
Ein <b>Business Goal <em>hat</em> Business Objectives</b> — messbare Ziele, an denen
sich das Goal überprüfen lässt. Business Requirements haben <b>keine Kinder</b>:
Stakeholder Requirements werden nicht unter ihnen aufgehängt, sondern <b>tracen</b> auf
sie. Das Trace-Ziel ist das <b>Business Objective</b> des Business Goal; wo keine
Objectives ausformuliert sind, tracen die Anforderungen direkt auf das Goal. Dieser
Trace ist der Relevanz-Nachweis — keine Verbindung ⇒ Gold-Plating. Neben dem Business
Goal stehen gleichrangig Business Process Requirement, Operational Business
Requirement, Business Risk und die Business Constraints (Budget, Termin, Recht).
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rung">
<div class="rung-rail lvl-1">
<span class="rung-iso">ISO 29148 · Stakeholder Requirement (StRS)</span>
<span class="rung-name"><span class="ic c-stakeholder" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2" y="3.5" width="16" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="4" y="8.5" width="12" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="6" y="13.5" width="8" height="3" rx="1.5"/></svg></span>Stakeholder Requirement</span><br>
<span class="rung-safe">SAFe: Epic</span>
</div>
<div class="rung-body">
<div class="rung-meta">
<span class="tag problem">implementierungsfrei</span>
<span class="tag plain">2–6 Monate</span>
<span class="tag plain">Strategic Planning</span>
</div>
<p class="rung-ex"><b>Beispiel</b>Als Fahrer möchte ich während der Fahrt telefonieren,
so dass ich weiterfahren kann.</p>
<p class="rung-note">
Bedürfnisse und Fähigkeiten, die Nutzer und Stakeholder verlangen. Bündelt
zusammengehörige Funktionalität und trägt Business Value. Bewusst grob — nicht
<em>singular</em>, nicht <em>complete</em>, bis sie verfeinert ist. Prüfung:
<b>Validation</b> („bauen wir das Richtige?“). Größenmaß: T-Shirt — S = 1 PI,
M = 1–2 PI, L > 2 PI, wobei <b>PI = Program Increment</b>, der Planungstakt von
8–12 Wochen bzw. 3–5 Sprints à 2–4 Wochen, in dem ein Feature fertig wird.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rung">
<div class="rung-rail lvl-2">
<span class="rung-iso">ISO 29148 · System Requirement (SyRS)</span>
<span class="rung-name"><span class="ic c-system" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2.5" y="4" width="15" height="12" rx="2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><rect x="5.5" y="7" width="9" height="6" rx="1"/></svg></span>System Requirement</span><br>
<span class="rung-safe">SAFe: Feature</span>
</div>
<div class="rung-body">
<div class="rung-meta">
<span class="tag problem">implementierungsfrei · in der Domäne</span>
<span class="tag plain">1 PI ≈ 8–12 Wochen</span>
<span class="tag plain">Increment Planning</span>
</div>
<p class="rung-ex"><b>Beispiel</b>Als Fahrer möchte ich während der Fahrt eine Telefonnummer
wählen, so dass ich mit einem Gesprächspartner sprechen kann.</p>
<p class="rung-note">
Implementierungsfreie Beschreibung dessen, <em>was</em> das System leisten muss. Mit
einem Release auslieferbar und verkaufbar. Muss <b>bounded</b> sein: vollständig in
genau einem Program Increment entwickelbar und testbar. Prüfung: <b>Verification</b>
(„bauen wir es richtig?“). Auf derselben Ebene liegen außerdem zwei Sonderfälle. Der
<b>Architecture Enabler</b> nimmt eine Developmental Quality auf: technische Arbeit,
die nach außen nichts ändert. Und das <b>Operational Feature</b>: Betrifft eine
Operational Quality nur ein Feature, wird sie dessen Acceptance Criterion — betrifft
sie mehrere, gehört sie an keines von ihnen und bekommt deshalb ein eigenes Feature.
Das ist unser Vorschlag, ausdrücklich anders, als SAFe es nahelegt.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rung">
<div class="rung-rail lvl-3">
<span class="rung-iso missing">kein Pendant in ISO 29148</span>
<span class="rung-name"><span class="ic c-story" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="5.5" r="2.6" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><path d="M4.5 16.5c0-3 2.5-5 5.5-5s5.5 2 5.5 5" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg></span>User Story</span>
</div>
<div class="rung-body">
<div class="rung-meta">
<span class="tag problem">implementierungsfrei</span>
<span class="tag plain">1 Sprint · 2–4 Wochen</span>
</div>
<p class="rung-ex"><b>Beispiel</b>Als Fahrer möchte ich während der Fahrt die Telefonfunktion
und die Wähloption auswählen, so dass ich anschließend eine Rufnummer eintippen kann.</p>
<p class="rung-note">
<span class="missing"><b>ISO 29148 kennt zu dieser Ebene kein Pendant.</b></span> Die
User Story ist eine SAFe-Ebene und beschreibt weiterhin, <em>was</em> der Nutzer tun
können soll — nicht, wie es gebaut wird. Die Regel, die sie tragfähig hält: eine User
Story soll die Subsysteme <em>spannen</em> und Nutzerinteraktion beschreiben, statt
komponentenspezifisch zu werden („CAN-Message-Matrix-Layer aktualisieren“ wäre der
Fehler, der den Wert verliert).
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rung">
<div class="rung-rail lvl-4">
<span class="rung-iso">ISO 29148 · System Element Requirement</span>
<span class="rung-name"><span class="ic c-task" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="3.5" y="3.5" width="13" height="13" rx="2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><rect x="7" y="7" width="6" height="6" rx="1"/></svg></span> System Element Requirement</span><br>
<span class="rung-safe">SAFe: Implementation Task</span>
</div>
<div class="rung-body">
<div class="rung-meta">
<span class="tag warn">implementierungsgebunden</span>
<span class="tag plain">außerhalb des Kursumfangs</span>
</div>
<p class="rung-ex"><b>Beispiel</b>Der Dialer-Service soll die eingegebene Rufnummer vor der
Übergabe an den Telefonie-Stack nach E.164 normalisieren.</p>
<p class="rung-note">
<b>Hier beginnt der Lösungsraum.</b> Die technische Spezifikation für Software,
Hardware und deren Schnittstellen — das <em>Wie</em> statt des <em>Was</em>. Auf
derselben Ebene liegt das <b>Sub-System Requirement</b>, das manche Organisationen
zusätzlich führen und weiter zerlegen. Der Kurs endet eine Ebene darüber.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Die beiden Modelle nebeneinander</h3>
<div class="sheet" style="margin-bottom:20px">
<div class="swatches">
<div class="sw c-business"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="7" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="2.6"/></svg></i><div><b>Business Requirement</b><br><span>Goal mit Objectives</span></div></div>
<div class="sw c-stakeholder"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2" y="3.5" width="16" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="4" y="8.5" width="12" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="6" y="13.5" width="8" height="3" rx="1.5"/></svg></i><div><b>Stakeholder Requirement</b><br><span>SAFe: Epic</span></div></div>
<div class="sw c-system"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2.5" y="4" width="15" height="12" rx="2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><rect x="5.5" y="7" width="9" height="6" rx="1"/></svg></i><div><b>System Requirement</b><br><span>SAFe: Feature</span></div></div>
<div class="sw c-story"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="5.5" r="2.6" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><path d="M4.5 16.5c0-3 2.5-5 5.5-5s5.5 2 5.5 5" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg></i><div><b>User Story</b><br><span>nur in SAFe</span></div></div>
<div class="sw c-task"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="3.5" y="3.5" width="13" height="13" rx="2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><rect x="7" y="7" width="6" height="6" rx="1"/></svg></i><div><b>System Element Requirement</b><br><span>SAFe: Implementation Task</span></div></div>
<div class="sw c-quality"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M2 14.5h4l2.5-9 3 12 2.5-7h4" fill="none" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></i><div><b>Quality</b><br><span>Operational Quality, Quality Scenario</span></div></div>
<div class="sw c-constraint"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M7.5 3.5h-4v13h4M12.5 3.5h4v13h-4" fill="none" stroke-width="1.7" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></i><div><b>Constraint</b><br><span>nicht verhandelbar</span></div></div>
<div class="sw c-enabler"><i aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2.5" y="13" width="15" height="3.5" rx="1"/><path d="M10 3l4.5 5h-9z" stroke-width="1.4" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg></i><div><b>Enabler</b><br><span>technische Arbeit</span></div></div>
</div>
<p style="margin:16px 0 0;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--ink-2);max-width:none">
Das Badge <span class="we"></span> markiert alles, was weder in SAFe noch in ISO 29148
steht, sondern unser Vorschlag ist.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sheet">
<div class="panelbar">
<span class="swlabel">Ansicht</span>
<div class="seg" role="group" aria-label="Ansicht wählen">
<button id="p-base" aria-pressed="true">Original</button>
<button id="p-prop" aria-pressed="false">mit unseren Vorschlägen</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="diagram panel" id="modelpanel" data-view="base">
<svg viewBox="0 0 1220 545" role="img" aria-label="SAFe und ISO 29148 als getrennte Felder nebeneinander, umschaltbar zwischen dem Original und unseren Vorschlägen">
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<text class="d-model" x="22" y="42">SAFe</text>
<text class="d-model" x="686" y="42">ISO 29148</text>
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<text class="d-s" x="259" y="214" text-anchor="middle">REQUIREMENTS</text>
<text class="d-s" x="259" y="226" text-anchor="middle">SENTENCE</text>
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<text class="d-s" x="259" y="286" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY SCENARIO</text>
<text class="d-s" x="259" y="300" text-anchor="middle">6-teilige Vorlage</text>
<g class="we-svg"><rect x="330" y="258" width="26" height="14" rx="2"/><text x="343" y="268" text-anchor="middle">WE</text></g>
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<text class="d-el" x="267" y="254" fill="var(--t-quality)">1..n</text>
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<!-- ============ SAFe · Kette ============ -->
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<text class="d-t" x="491" y="114" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-stakeholder)">EPIC</text>
<text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="129" text-anchor="middle">USER STORY FORMAT</text>
<text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="142" text-anchor="middle">oder REQUIREMENTS SENTENCE</text>
<rect class="bx bx-system" x="376" y="182" width="230" height="110"/>
<text class="d-t" x="491" y="202" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-system)">FEATURE</text>
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<rect class="bx bx-ac" x="388" y="224" width="206" height="26"/>
<text class="d-s only-base" x="491" y="241" text-anchor="middle">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA · funktional</text>
<text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="241" text-anchor="middle">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA · <tspan class="fmt">USE CASE</tspan></text>
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<text class="d-s only-base" x="491" y="273" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">NFR · optional</text>
<text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="273" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY SCENARIO bei 1:1 · optional</text>
<rect class="bx bx-story" x="376" y="320" width="230" height="110"/>
<text class="d-t" x="491" y="340" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-story)">USER STORY</text>
<text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="354" text-anchor="middle">USER STORY FORMAT</text>
<rect class="bx bx-ac" x="388" y="362" width="206" height="26"/>
<text class="d-s only-base" x="491" y="379" text-anchor="middle">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA · funktional</text>
<text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="379" text-anchor="middle">ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA · <tspan class="fmt">1..n GWT</tspan></text>
<rect class="bx bx-ac-opt" x="388" y="394" width="206" height="26"/>
<text class="d-s only-base" x="491" y="411" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">NFR · optional</text>
<text class="d-s only-prop" x="491" y="411" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY SCENARIO bei 1:1 · optional</text>
<rect class="bx bx-task" x="376" y="458" width="230" height="44"/>
<text class="d-s" x="491" y="484" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-task)">IMPLEMENTATION TASK</text>
<g color="var(--ink-3)">
<path class="d-e" d="M491 152 L491 178" marker-end="url(#mp-ar)"/>
<path class="d-e" d="M491 292 L491 316" marker-end="url(#mp-ar)"/>
<path class="d-e" d="M491 430 L491 454" marker-end="url(#mp-ar)"/>
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<!-- ============ ISO 29148 ============ -->
<rect class="bx bx-business" x="686" y="48" width="506" height="30"/>
<text class="d-t" x="939" y="68" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-business)">BUSINESS REQ</text>
<g class="only-base">
<rect class="bx bx-stakeholder" x="686" y="94" width="506" height="58"/>
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<g class="only-prop">
<rect class="bx bx-stakeholder" x="686" y="94" width="230" height="58"/>
<text class="d-s" x="801" y="114" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-stakeholder)">STAKEHOLDER REQ · FUNCTIONAL</text>
<text class="d-s" x="801" y="129" text-anchor="middle">USER STORY FORMAT</text>
<text class="d-s" x="801" y="142" text-anchor="middle">(AUSNAHME: REQUIREMENTS SENTENCE)</text>
<rect class="bx bx-quality" x="924" y="94" width="130" height="58"/>
<text class="d-s" x="989" y="114" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">STAKEHOLDER REQ</text>
<text class="d-s" x="989" y="127" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-quality)">QUALITY</text>
<text class="d-s" x="989" y="143" text-anchor="middle">REQUIREMENTS SENTENCE</text>
<rect class="bx bx-constraint" x="1062" y="94" width="130" height="58"/>
<text class="d-s" x="1127" y="116" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-constraint)">CONSTRAINT</text>
<text class="d-s" x="1127" y="132" text-anchor="middle">REQUIREMENTS SENTENCE</text>
<text class="d-s" x="1127" y="144" text-anchor="middle">„WILL“</text>
<g class="we-svg"><rect x="1166" y="86" width="26" height="14" rx="2"/><text x="1179" y="96" text-anchor="middle">WE</text></g>
</g>
<rect class="bx bx-system" x="686" y="182" width="230" height="110"/>
<text class="d-s" x="801" y="202" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-system)">SYSTEM REQ · FUNCTIONAL</text>
<text class="d-s only-prop" x="801" y="216" text-anchor="middle">USER STORY FORMAT</text>
<rect class="bx bx-ac only-prop" x="698" y="224" width="206" height="26"/>
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<text class="d-s only-prop" x="1127" y="252" text-anchor="middle">„WILL“</text>
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<text class="d-s" x="989" y="354" text-anchor="middle">6-teilige Vorlage</text>
<g class="we-svg"><rect x="1030" y="312" width="26" height="14" rx="2"/><text x="1043" y="322" text-anchor="middle">WE</text></g>
<path class="d-e" d="M989 292 L989 316" marker-end="url(#mp-ar)" color="var(--t-quality)" stroke="var(--t-quality)"/>
<text class="d-el" x="997" y="310" fill="var(--t-quality)">1..n</text>
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<text class="d-el" x="872" y="312" fill="var(--t-quality)">n : 1</text>
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<rect class="bx bx-task" x="686" y="458" width="130" height="44"/>
<text class="d-s" x="751" y="477" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-task)">SYSTEM</text>
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<rect class="bx bx-task" x="824" y="458" width="130" height="44"/>
<text class="d-s" x="889" y="477" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-task)">SUB-SYSTEM</text>
<text class="d-s" x="889" y="490" text-anchor="middle" fill="var(--t-task)">REQ</text>
<text class="d-s" x="824" y="518">Sub-System Req ist proprietär, weiter zerlegbar</text>
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<path class="d-e" d="M989 152 L989 178" marker-end="url(#mp-ar)"/>
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<!-- ============ Zuordnungen über die Feldgrenze ============ -->
<g class="d-map">
<path d="M610 122 L682 122"/>
<path d="M610 210 L682 210"/>
<path d="M610 480 L682 480"/>
<text class="d-el" x="646" y="116" text-anchor="middle">≙</text>
<text class="d-el" x="646" y="204" text-anchor="middle">≙</text>
<text class="d-el" x="646" y="474" text-anchor="middle">≙</text>
</g>
</svg>
</div>
<p id="panelnote" style="margin:14px 0 0;color:var(--ink-2);font-size:14px;max-width:none"></p>
</div>
</section>
<!-- ================= 2. ARTEFAKTE ================= -->
<section id="artefakte">
<div class="sec-head"><span class="sec-num">02</span><h2>Die Artefakte und ihre Attribute</h2></div>
<div class="cards">
<article class="card" id="k-stakeholder">
<div class="card-top">
<span class="card-icon c-stakeholder" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2" y="3.5" width="16" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="4" y="8.5" width="12" height="3" rx="1.5"/><rect x="6" y="13.5" width="8" height="3" rx="1.5"/></svg></span>
<span class="card-name">Stakeholder Requirement</span>
<span class="tag problem">Epic</span>
</div>
<p class="card-def">Das Bedürfnis eines Nutzers oder Stakeholders — grob, gebündelt, wertorientiert.</p>
<div class="attrs">
<h5>Attribute</h5>
<dl class="attr-list">
<dt>Title</dt><dd>Kurzname</dd>
<dt>Owner</dt><dd>verantwortet die Realisierung</dd>
<dt>Source</dt><dd>hat die Anforderung eingebracht; mit ihr wird geklärt</dd>
<dt>Description</dt><dd>siehe Format unten</dd>
<dt>Estimate</dt><dd>T-Shirt: S = 1 PI · M = 1–2 PI · L > 2 PI</dd>
<dt>Business Outcome</dt><dd>Bezug zum <b>Business Goal</b>, falls es Business Goals gibt</dd>
<dt>Leading Indicators</dt><dd>Bezug zu den <b>Business Objectives</b> des referenzierten Business Goal, falls es welche gibt</dd>
<dt>… ohne Goals</dt><dd>Gibt es weder Business Goals noch Objectives, gehören Outcome und Leading Indicators trotzdem beschrieben — sonst fehlt die Begründung, warum die Anforderung überhaupt gebaut wird</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<dl class="kv">
<dt>Format</dt><dd>funktional → <b>User-Story-Format</b><br>Quality → <b>Requirements-Sentence-Format</b><br><span style="color:var(--ink-2)">in Ausnahmen auch funktional als Requirements Sentence</span></dd>
<dt>Trace</dt><dd>auf ein <b>Business Objective</b></dd>
<dt>Elaboration</dt><dd>funktional → <b>ein</b> grober <b>Elaboration Use Case</b><br>Quality → <b>Quality Scenarios</b>, typischerweise 6–7</dd>
</dl>
</article>
<article class="card" id="k-system">
<div class="card-top">
<span class="card-icon c-system" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><rect x="2.5" y="4" width="15" height="12" rx="2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><rect x="5.5" y="7" width="9" height="6" rx="1"/></svg></span>
<span class="card-name">System Requirement</span>
<span class="tag solution">Feature</span>
</div>
<p class="card-def">Ein abgegrenzter Systembeitrag, der in genau ein PI passt und ausgeliefert werden kann.</p>
<div class="attrs">
<h5>Attribute</h5>
<dl class="attr-list">
<dt>Title</dt><dd>Kurzname</dd>
<dt>Severity</dt><dd>must · should · nice-to-have. Wer mag, führt sie zusätzlich als <a class="jumplink" href="#kano"><b>KANO-Kategorie</b></a><span class="we"></span> — die beiden Achsen decken sich oft, aber nicht immer: eine gesetzliche Auflage ist „must“, im KANO-Sinn aber häufig indifferent.</dd>
<dt>Description</dt><dd>siehe Format unten</dd>
<dt>Problem Statement</dt><dd>welches Problem heute besteht und hier gelöst wird</dd>
<dt>Benefit/Value</dt><dd>wer bekommt welchen Nutzen</dd>
<dt>Acceptance Criteria</dt><dd>der eigene Acceptance Use Case</dd>
<dt>… darin</dt><dd>Dependencies (setzt ein anderes Feature voraus oder ersetzt es) und
die zugehörigen Operational Qualities gehören in den Description-Block</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<dl class="kv">
<dt>Format</dt><dd><b>User-Story-Format</b></dd>
<dt>Entsteht aus</dt><dd>Success Scenario, Alternative Flow oder Variation des Elaboration Use Case</dd>
</dl>
</article>
<article class="card" id="k-story">
<div class="card-top">
<span class="card-icon c-story" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="5.5" r="2.6" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/><path d="M4.5 16.5c0-3 2.5-5 5.5-5s5.5 2 5.5 5" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg></span>
<span class="card-name">User Story</span>
<span class="tag solution">Sprint-Item</span>
</div>
<p class="card-def">Eine einzelne Nutzerinteraktion aus den Acceptance Criteria des Features, in einem Sprint machbar.</p>
<div class="attrs">
<h5>Attribute</h5>
<dl class="attr-list">
<dt>Title</dt><dd>Kurzname, optional</dd>
<dt>Description</dt><dd>siehe Format unten</dd>
<dt>Acceptance Criteria</dt><dd>ein oder mehrere GWT-Statements</dd>
<dt>Feature Parent</dt><dd>Link auf das Feature, aus dem sie geschnitten wurde</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<dl class="kv">
<dt>Format</dt><dd><b>User-Story-Format</b></dd>
<dt>Merke</dt><dd>Ein Feature darf auch auf genau eine User Story abgebildet werden. Das
Entwicklungsteam darf auf Ausarbeitung bestehen und setzt darauf seine
„Definition of Ready“.</dd>
</dl>
</article>
<article class="card" id="k-usecase">
<div class="card-top">
<span class="card-icon plain" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><ellipse cx="10" cy="10" rx="8" ry="5.2" fill="none" stroke-width="1.6"/></svg></span>
<span class="card-name">Use Case</span>