roaring.h

// !!! DO NOT EDIT - THIS IS AN AUTO-GENERATED FILE !!!
// Created by amalgamation.sh on 2026-08-22T02:17:56Z

/*
 * The CRoaring project is under a dual license (Apache/MIT).
 * Users of the library may choose one or the other license.
 */
/*
 * Copyright 2016-2022 The CRoaring authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 */
/*
 * MIT License
 *
 * Copyright 2016-2022 The CRoaring authors
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
 * person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
 * documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
 * Software without restriction, including without
 * limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
 * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
 * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
 * is furnished to do so, subject to the following
 * conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice
 * shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
 * of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
 * ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
 * TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
 * PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
 * SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 * CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
 * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
 * IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 */

/* begin file include/roaring/roaring_version.h */
// clang-format off
// /include/roaring/roaring_version.h automatically generated by release.py, do not change by hand
#ifndef ROARING_INCLUDE_ROARING_VERSION
#define ROARING_INCLUDE_ROARING_VERSION
#define ROARING_VERSION "5.1.0"
enum {
    ROARING_VERSION_MAJOR = 5,
    ROARING_VERSION_MINOR = 1,
    ROARING_VERSION_REVISION = 0
};
#endif // ROARING_INCLUDE_ROARING_VERSION
// clang-format on/* end file include/roaring/roaring_version.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/portability.h */
/*
 * portability.h
 *
 * This header centralizes compiler-, platform-, and architecture-specific
 * portability definitions used throughout CRoaring. It provides feature
 * detection, calling-convention and attribute macros, intrinsic and inline
 * assembly enablement, endianness helpers, alignment annotations, atomic
 * reference-count support, and other low-level compatibility glue.
 *
 * The goal is to keep these conditional definitions in one place so the rest
 * of the codebase can rely on a more uniform interface across GCC, Clang,
 * MSVC, x86/x64, ARM/NEON, and other supported environments.
 */

/**
 * All macros should be prefixed with either CROARING or ROARING.
 * The library uses both ROARING_...
 * as well as CROARING_ as prefixes. The ROARING_ prefix is for
 * macros that are provided by the build system or that are closely
 * related to the format. The header macros may also use ROARING_.
 * The CROARING_ prefix is for internal macros that a user is unlikely
 * to ever interact with.
 */

#ifndef CROARING_INCLUDE_PORTABILITY_H_
#define CROARING_INCLUDE_PORTABILITY_H_

// Users who need _GNU_SOURCE should define it?
// #ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
// #define _GNU_SOURCE 1
// #endif  // _GNU_SOURCE
#ifndef __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS
#define __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS 1
#endif  // __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#define CROARING_VISUAL_STUDIO 1
/**
 * We want to differentiate carefully between
 * clang under visual studio and regular visual
 * studio.
 */
#ifdef __clang__
// clang under visual studio
#define CROARING_CLANG_VISUAL_STUDIO 1
#else
// just regular visual studio (best guess)
#define CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO 1
#endif  // __clang__
#endif  // _MSC_VER
#ifndef CROARING_VISUAL_STUDIO
#define CROARING_VISUAL_STUDIO 0
#endif
#ifndef CROARING_CLANG_VISUAL_STUDIO
#define CROARING_CLANG_VISUAL_STUDIO 0
#endif
#ifndef CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO
#define CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO 0
#endif

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>  // will provide posix_memalign with _POSIX_C_SOURCE as defined above
#ifdef __GLIBC__
#include <malloc.h>  // this should never be needed but there are some reports that it is needed.
#endif
// alignas/alignof are keywords in C++ and in C23+, where <stdalign.h> is
// deprecated. Only include it for C11..C17.
#if !defined(__cplusplus) && \
    (!defined(__STDC_VERSION__) || __STDC_VERSION__ < 202311L)
#include <stdalign.h>
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {  // portability definitions are in global scope, not a namespace
#endif

#if defined(__SIZEOF_LONG_LONG__) && __SIZEOF_LONG_LONG__ != 8
#error This code assumes  64-bit long longs (by use of the GCC intrinsics). Your system is not currently supported.
#endif

#if CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO
#ifndef __restrict__
#define __restrict__ __restrict
#endif  // __restrict__
#endif  // CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO

#if defined(__riscv) || defined(_M_RISCV32) || defined(_M_RISCV64)
#define CROARING_IS_RISCV 1

#if (defined(__riscv_xlen) && (__riscv_xlen == 64)) || defined(_M_RISCV64)
#define CROARING_IS_RISCV64 1
#endif

#elif defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
// we have an x64 processor
#define CROARING_IS_X64 1

#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER < 1910)
// Old visual studio systems won't support AVX2 well.
#undef CROARING_IS_X64
#endif

#if defined(__clang_major__) && (__clang_major__ <= 8) && !defined(__AVX2__)
// Older versions of clang have a bug affecting us
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/57228537/how-does-one-use-pragma-clang-attribute-push-with-c-namespaces
#undef CROARING_IS_X64
#endif

#ifdef ROARING_DISABLE_X64
#undef CROARING_IS_X64
#endif
// we include the intrinsic header
#if !CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO
/* Non-Microsoft C/C++-compatible compiler */
#include <x86intrin.h>  // on some recent GCC, this will declare posix_memalign

#if CROARING_CLANG_VISUAL_STUDIO

/**
 * You are not supposed, normally, to include these
 * headers directly. Instead you should either include intrin.h
 * or x86intrin.h. However, when compiling with clang
 * under Windows (i.e., when _MSC_VER is set), these headers
 * only get included *if* the corresponding features are detected
 * from macros:
 * e.g., if __AVX2__ is set... in turn,  we normally set these
 * macros by compiling against the corresponding architecture
 * (e.g., arch:AVX2, -mavx2, etc.) which compiles the whole
 * software with these advanced instructions. These headers would
 * normally guard against such usage, but we carefully included
 * <x86intrin.h>  (or <intrin.h>) before, so the headers
 * are fooled.
 */
// To avoid reordering imports:
// clang-format off
#include <bmiintrin.h>   // for _blsr_u64
#include <lzcntintrin.h> // for  __lzcnt64
#include <immintrin.h>   // for most things (AVX2, AVX512, _popcnt64)
#include <smmintrin.h>
#include <tmmintrin.h>
#include <avxintrin.h>
#include <avx2intrin.h>
#include <wmmintrin.h>
#if _MSC_VER >= 1920
// Important: we need the AVX-512 headers:
#include <avx512fintrin.h>
#include <avx512dqintrin.h>
#include <avx512cdintrin.h>
#include <avx512bwintrin.h>
#include <avx512vlintrin.h>
#include <avx512vbmiintrin.h>
#include <avx512vbmi2intrin.h>
#include <avx512vpopcntdqintrin.h>
// clang-format on
#endif  // _MSC_VER >= 1920
// unfortunately, we may not get _blsr_u64, but, thankfully, clang
// has it as a macro.
#ifndef _blsr_u64
// we roll our own
#define _blsr_u64(n) ((n - 1) & n)
#endif  //  _blsr_u64
#endif  // SIMDJSON_CLANG_VISUAL_STUDIO

#endif  // CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO
#endif  // defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)

#if !defined(CROARING_USENEON) && !defined(DISABLENEON) && defined(__ARM_NEON)
#define CROARING_USENEON
#endif
#if defined(CROARING_USENEON)
#include <arm_neon.h>
#endif

#if defined(__e2k__)
// we have an e2k (Elbrus-2000) processor
#define CROARING_IS_E2K 1
#endif

#if !CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO && !defined(CROARING_IS_E2K) && !__FILC__
/* Non-Microsoft C/C++-compatible compiler, assumes that it supports inline
 * assembly */
#define CROARING_INLINE_ASM 1
#endif  // _MSC_VER

#if CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO
/* Microsoft C/C++-compatible compiler */
#include <intrin.h>

#ifndef __clang__  // if one compiles with MSVC *with* clang, then these
                   // intrinsics are defined!!!
#define CROARING_INTRINSICS 1
// sadly there is no way to check whether we are missing these intrinsics
// specifically.

/* wrappers for Visual Studio built-ins that look like gcc built-ins
 * __builtin_ctzll */
/** result might be undefined when input_num is zero */
inline int roaring_trailing_zeroes(unsigned long long input_num) {
    unsigned long index;
#ifdef _WIN64  // highly recommended!!!
    _BitScanForward64(&index, input_num);
#else   // if we must support 32-bit Windows
    if ((uint32_t)input_num != 0) {
        _BitScanForward(&index, (uint32_t)input_num);
    } else {
        _BitScanForward(&index, (uint32_t)(input_num >> 32));
        index += 32;
    }
#endif  // _WIN64
    return index;
}

/* wrappers for Visual Studio built-ins that look like gcc built-ins
 * __builtin_clzll */
/** result might be undefined when input_num is zero */
inline int roaring_leading_zeroes(unsigned long long input_num) {
    unsigned long index;
#ifdef _WIN64  // highly recommended!!!
    _BitScanReverse64(&index, input_num);
#else   // if we must support 32-bit Windows
    if (input_num > 0xFFFFFFFF) {
        _BitScanReverse(&index, (uint32_t)(input_num >> 32));
        index += 32;
    } else {
        _BitScanReverse(&index, (uint32_t)(input_num));
    }
#endif  // _WIN64
    return 63 - index;
}

/* Use #define so this is effective even under /Ob0 (no inline) */
#define roaring_unreachable __assume(0)
#endif  // __clang__

#endif  // CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO

#ifndef CROARING_INTRINSICS
#define CROARING_INTRINSICS 1
#define roaring_unreachable __builtin_unreachable()
/** result might be undefined when input_num is zero */
inline int roaring_trailing_zeroes(unsigned long long input_num) {
    return __builtin_ctzll(input_num);
}
/** result might be undefined when input_num is zero */
inline int roaring_leading_zeroes(unsigned long long input_num) {
    return __builtin_clzll(input_num);
}
#endif

#if CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO
#define ALIGNED(x) __declspec(align(x))
#elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
#define ALIGNED(x) __attribute__((aligned(x)))
#else
#warning "Warning. Unrecognized compiler."
#define ALIGNED(x)
#endif

#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
#define CROARING_WARN_UNUSED __attribute__((warn_unused_result))
#else
#define CROARING_WARN_UNUSED
#endif

#define IS_BIG_ENDIAN (*(uint16_t *)"\0\xff" < 0x100)

#ifdef CROARING_USENEON
// we can always compute the popcount fast.
#elif (defined(_M_ARM) || defined(_M_ARM64)) && \
    ((defined(_WIN64) || defined(_WIN32)) &&    \
     defined(CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO) && \
     CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO)
// we will need this function:
static inline int roaring_hamming_backup(uint64_t x) {
    uint64_t c1 = UINT64_C(0x5555555555555555);
    uint64_t c2 = UINT64_C(0x3333333333333333);
    uint64_t c4 = UINT64_C(0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F);
    x -= (x >> 1) & c1;
    x = ((x >> 2) & c2) + (x & c2);
    x = (x + (x >> 4)) & c4;
    x *= UINT64_C(0x0101010101010101);
    return x >> 56;
}
#endif

static inline int roaring_hamming(uint64_t x) {
#if defined(_WIN64) && defined(CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO) && \
    CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO
#ifdef CROARING_USENEON
    return vaddv_u8(vcnt_u8(vcreate_u8(input_num)));
#elif defined(_M_ARM64)
    return roaring_hamming_backup(x);
    // (int) _CountOneBits64(x); is unavailable
#else   // _M_ARM64
    return (int)__popcnt64(x);
#endif  // _M_ARM64
#elif defined(_WIN32) && defined(CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO) && \
    CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO
#ifdef _M_ARM
    return roaring_hamming_backup(x);
    // _CountOneBits is unavailable
#else   // _M_ARM
    return (int)__popcnt((unsigned int)x) +
           (int)__popcnt((unsigned int)(x >> 32));
#endif  // _M_ARM
#else
    return __builtin_popcountll(x);
#endif
}

#ifndef UINT64_C
#define UINT64_C(c) (c##ULL)
#endif  // UINT64_C

#ifndef UINT32_C
#define UINT32_C(c) (c##UL)
#endif  // UINT32_C

#ifdef __cplusplus
}  // extern "C" {
#endif  // __cplusplus

// this is almost standard?
#undef STRINGIFY_IMPLEMENTATION_
#undef STRINGIFY
#define STRINGIFY_IMPLEMENTATION_(a) #a
#define STRINGIFY(a) STRINGIFY_IMPLEMENTATION_(a)

// Our fast kernels require 64-bit systems.
//
// On 32-bit x86, we lack 64-bit popcnt, lzcnt, blsr instructions.
// Furthermore, the number of SIMD registers is reduced.
//
// On 32-bit ARM, we would have smaller registers.
//
// The library should still have the fallback kernel. It is
// slower, but it should run everywhere.

//
// Enable valid runtime implementations, and select
// CROARING_BUILTIN_IMPLEMENTATION
//

// We are going to use runtime dispatch.
#if CROARING_IS_X64
#ifdef __clang__
// clang does not have GCC push pop
// warning: clang attribute push can't be used within a namespace in clang up
// til 8.0 so CROARING_TARGET_REGION and CROARING_UNTARGET_REGION must be
// *outside* of a namespace.
#define CROARING_TARGET_REGION(T)                                      \
    _Pragma(STRINGIFY(clang attribute push(__attribute__((target(T))), \
                                           apply_to = function)))
#define CROARING_UNTARGET_REGION _Pragma("clang attribute pop")
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
// GCC is easier
#define CROARING_TARGET_REGION(T) \
    _Pragma("GCC push_options") _Pragma(STRINGIFY(GCC target(T)))
#define CROARING_UNTARGET_REGION _Pragma("GCC pop_options")
#endif  // clang then gcc

#endif  // CROARING_IS_X64

// Default target region macros don't do anything.
#ifndef CROARING_TARGET_REGION
#define CROARING_TARGET_REGION(T)
#define CROARING_UNTARGET_REGION
#endif

#define CROARING_TARGET_AVX2 \
    CROARING_TARGET_REGION("avx2,bmi,pclmul,lzcnt,popcnt")
#define CROARING_TARGET_AVX512                                         \
    CROARING_TARGET_REGION(                                            \
        "avx2,bmi,bmi2,pclmul,lzcnt,popcnt,avx512f,avx512dq,avx512bw," \
        "avx512vbmi2,avx512bitalg,avx512vpopcntdq")
#define CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2 CROARING_UNTARGET_REGION
#define CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX512 CROARING_UNTARGET_REGION

#ifdef __AVX2__
// No need for runtime dispatching.
// It is unnecessary and harmful to old clang to tag regions.
#undef CROARING_TARGET_AVX2
#define CROARING_TARGET_AVX2
#undef CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2
#define CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2
#endif

#if defined(__AVX512F__) && defined(__AVX512DQ__) && defined(__AVX512BW__) && \
    defined(__AVX512VBMI2__) && defined(__AVX512BITALG__) &&                  \
    defined(__AVX512VPOPCNTDQ__)
// No need for runtime dispatching.
// It is unnecessary and harmful to old clang to tag regions.
#undef CROARING_TARGET_AVX512
#define CROARING_TARGET_AVX512
#undef CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX512
#define CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX512
#endif

// Allow unaligned memory access
#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
#define CROARING_ALLOW_UNALIGNED __attribute__((no_sanitize("alignment")))
#else
#define CROARING_ALLOW_UNALIGNED
#endif

#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && defined(__ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__)
#define CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN (__BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__)
#elif defined(_WIN32)
#define CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN 0
#else
#if defined(__APPLE__) || \
    defined(__FreeBSD__)  // defined __BYTE_ORDER__ && defined
                          // __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
#include <machine/endian.h>
#elif defined(sun) || \
    defined(__sun)  // defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
#include <sys/byteorder.h>
#else  // defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)

#ifdef __has_include
#if __has_include(<endian.h>)
#include <endian.h>
#endif  //__has_include(<endian.h>)
#endif  //__has_include

#endif  // defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)

#ifndef !defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) || !defined(__ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__)
#define CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN 0
#endif

#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
#define CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN 0
#else  // __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
#define CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN 1
#endif  // __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
#endif

// Host <-> big endian conversion.
#if CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
#define croaring_htobe64(x) (x)

#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)  // CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
#include <stdlib.h>
#define croaring_htobe64(x) _byteswap_uint64(x)

#elif defined(__APPLE__)  // CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
#include <libkern/OSByteOrder.h>
#define croaring_htobe64(x) OSSwapInt64(x)

#elif defined(__has_include) && \
    __has_include(              \
        <byteswap.h>)  && (defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__))  // CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
#include <byteswap.h>
#if defined(__linux__)
#define croaring_htobe64(x) bswap_64(x)
#elif defined(__FreeBSD__)
#define croaring_htobe64(x) bswap64(x)
#else
#warning "Unknown platform, report as an error"
#endif

#else  // CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
// Gets compiled to bswap or equivalent on most compilers.
#define croaring_htobe64(x)                                                    \
    (((x & 0x00000000000000FFULL) << 56) |                                     \
     ((x & 0x000000000000FF00ULL) << 40) |                                     \
     ((x & 0x0000000000FF0000ULL) << 24) |                                     \
     ((x & 0x00000000FF000000ULL) << 8) | ((x & 0x000000FF00000000ULL) >> 8) | \
     ((x & 0x0000FF0000000000ULL) >> 24) |                                     \
     ((x & 0x00FF000000000000ULL) >> 40) |                                     \
     ((x & 0xFF00000000000000ULL) >> 56))
#endif  // CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
#define croaring_be64toh(x) croaring_htobe64(x)
// End of host <-> big endian conversion.

// Host <-> little-endian conversion helpers.
//
// The CRoaring "portable" serialization format (and the regular
// roaring_bitmap_serialize / Roaring64Map::write formats which build on it)
// is defined to be little-endian on the wire. Code that reads or writes
// multi-byte integers to such buffers must convert between host and
// little-endian byte order. On little-endian hosts these are no-ops; on
// big-endian hosts they swap bytes.
//
// The "frozen" format is intentionally non-portable and uses native byte
// order; it must not use these helpers.
#if CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN

static inline uint16_t croaring_bswap16(uint16_t x) {
    return (uint16_t)((x << 8) | (x >> 8));
}

static inline uint32_t croaring_bswap32(uint32_t x) {
    return ((x & 0x000000FFU) << 24) | ((x & 0x0000FF00U) << 8) |
           ((x & 0x00FF0000U) >> 8) | ((x & 0xFF000000U) >> 24);
}

static inline uint64_t croaring_bswap64(uint64_t x) {
    return ((x & 0x00000000000000FFULL) << 56) |
           ((x & 0x000000000000FF00ULL) << 40) |
           ((x & 0x0000000000FF0000ULL) << 24) |
           ((x & 0x00000000FF000000ULL) << 8) |
           ((x & 0x000000FF00000000ULL) >> 8) |
           ((x & 0x0000FF0000000000ULL) >> 24) |
           ((x & 0x00FF000000000000ULL) >> 40) |
           ((x & 0xFF00000000000000ULL) >> 56);
}

#define croaring_htole16(x) croaring_bswap16(x)
#define croaring_htole32(x) croaring_bswap32(x)
#define croaring_htole64(x) croaring_bswap64(x)

#else  // CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN

#define croaring_htole16(x) (x)
#define croaring_htole32(x) (x)
#define croaring_htole64(x) (x)

#endif  // CROARING_IS_BIG_ENDIAN

#define croaring_letoh16(x) croaring_htole16(x)
#define croaring_letoh32(x) croaring_htole32(x)
#define croaring_letoh64(x) croaring_htole64(x)

// Defines for the possible CROARING atomic implementations
#define CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_NONE 1
#define CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_CPP 2
#define CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_C 3
#define CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_C_WINDOWS 4

// If the use has forced a specific implementation, use that, otherwise,
// figure out the best implementation we can use.
#if !defined(CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL)
#if defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
#ifdef __has_include
#if __has_include(<atomic>)
#define CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_CPP
#endif  //__has_include(<atomic>)
#else
// We lack __has_include to check:
#define CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_CPP
#endif  //__has_include
#elif __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L && !defined(__STDC_NO_ATOMICS__)
#define CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_C
#elif CROARING_REGULAR_VISUAL_STUDIO
// https://www.technetworkhub.com/c11-atomics-in-visual-studio-2022-version-17/
#define CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_C_WINDOWS
#endif
#endif  // !defined(CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL)

#if CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL == CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_C
#include <stdatomic.h>
typedef _Atomic(uint32_t) croaring_refcount_t;

static inline void croaring_refcount_inc(croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    // Increasing the reference counter can always be done with
    // memory_order_relaxed: New references to an object can only be formed from
    // an existing reference, and passing an existing reference from one thread
    // to another must already provide any required synchronization.
    atomic_fetch_add_explicit(val, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
}

static inline bool croaring_refcount_dec(croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    // It is important to enforce any possible access to the object in one
    // thread (through an existing reference) to happen before deleting the
    // object in a different thread. This is achieved by a "release" operation
    // after dropping a reference (any access to the object through this
    // reference must obviously happened before), and an "acquire" operation
    // before deleting the object.
    bool is_zero = atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(val, 1, memory_order_release) == 1;
    if (is_zero) {
        atomic_thread_fence(memory_order_acquire);
    }
    return is_zero;
}

static inline uint32_t croaring_refcount_get(const croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    return atomic_load_explicit(val, memory_order_relaxed);
}
#elif CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL == CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_CPP
#include <atomic>
typedef std::atomic<uint32_t> croaring_refcount_t;

static inline void croaring_refcount_inc(croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    val->fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
}

static inline bool croaring_refcount_dec(croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    // See above comments on the c11 atomic implementation for memory ordering
    bool is_zero = val->fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_release) == 1;
    if (is_zero) {
        std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
    }
    return is_zero;
}

static inline uint32_t croaring_refcount_get(const croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    return val->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
}
#elif CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL == CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_C_WINDOWS
#include <intrin.h>
#pragma intrinsic(_InterlockedIncrement)
#pragma intrinsic(_InterlockedDecrement)

// _InterlockedIncrement and _InterlockedDecrement take a (signed) long, and
// overflow is defined to wrap, so we can pretend it is a uint32_t for our case
typedef volatile long croaring_refcount_t;

static inline void croaring_refcount_inc(croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    _InterlockedIncrement(val);
}

static inline bool croaring_refcount_dec(croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    return _InterlockedDecrement(val) == 0;
}

static inline uint32_t croaring_refcount_get(const croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    // Per
    // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sync/interlocked-variable-access
    // > Simple reads and writes to properly-aligned 32-bit variables are atomic
    // > operations. In other words, you will not end up with only one portion
    // > of the variable updated; all bits are updated in an atomic fashion.
    return *val;
}
#elif CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL == CROARING_ATOMIC_IMPL_NONE
#include <assert.h>
typedef uint32_t croaring_refcount_t;

static inline void croaring_refcount_inc(croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    *val += 1;
}

static inline bool croaring_refcount_dec(croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    assert(*val > 0);
    *val -= 1;
    return *val == 0;
}

static inline uint32_t croaring_refcount_get(const croaring_refcount_t *val) {
    return *val;
}
#else
#error "Unknown atomic implementation"
#endif

#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
#define CROARING_DEPRECATED __attribute__((deprecated))
#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
#define CROARING_DEPRECATED __declspec(deprecated)
#else
#define CROARING_DEPRECATED
#endif  // defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)

// We want to initialize structs to zero portably (C and C++), without
// warnings. We can do mystruct s = CROARING_ZERO_INITIALIZER;
#if __cplusplus
#define CROARING_ZERO_INITIALIZER \
    {}
#else
#define CROARING_ZERO_INITIALIZER \
    { 0 }
#endif

#if defined(__cplusplus)
#define CROARING_STATIC_ASSERT(x, y) static_assert(x, y)
#else
#define CROARING_STATIC_ASSERT(x, y) _Static_assert(x, y)
#endif

// We need portability.h to be included first,
// but we also always want isadetection.h to be
// included (right after).
// See https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/CRoaring/issues/394
// There is no scenario where we want portability.h to
// be included, but not isadetection.h: the latter is a
// strict requirement.
#endif                             /* INCLUDE_PORTABILITY_H_ */
/* end file include/roaring/portability.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/isadetection.h */
/*
 * isadetection.h
 *
 * This header declares the small interface used to detect instruction-set
 * capabilities relevant to CRoaring's optimized kernels on x64 platforms. It
 * also defines compile-time feature macros that indicate whether the compiler
 * toolchain is capable of building AVX-512 code paths.
 *
 * The resulting flags are used to decide whether accelerated implementations,
 * such as AVX2 or AVX-512 variants, can be selected safely at runtime.
 */
#ifndef ROARING_ISADETECTION_H
#define ROARING_ISADETECTION_H


#if CROARING_IS_X64  // x64

#ifndef CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512
#ifdef __has_include
// We want to make sure that the AVX-512 functions are only built on compilers
// fully supporting AVX-512.
#if __has_include(<avx512vbmi2intrin.h>)
#define CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512 1
#endif  // #if __has_include(<avx512vbmi2intrin.h>)
#endif  // #ifdef __has_include

// Visual Studio 2019 and up support AVX-512
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#if _MSC_VER >= 1920
#define CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512 1
#endif  // #if _MSC_VER >= 1920
#endif  // #ifdef _MSC_VER

#ifndef CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512
#define CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512 0
#endif  // #ifndef CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512
#endif  // #ifndef CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif
enum {
    ROARING_SUPPORTS_AVX2 = 1,
    ROARING_SUPPORTS_AVX512 = 2,
};
int croaring_hardware_support(void);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif
#endif  // CROARING_IS_X64
#endif  // ROARING_ISADETECTION_H
/* end file include/roaring/isadetection.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/roaring_types.h */
/*
    Shared type definitions used across the CRoaring public API and internal
    components.

    This file centralizes common typedefs and small structs that are referenced
    by multiple headers, including iterator callback signatures, roaring array
    metadata, statistics structures, and compatibility types used to bridge the
    C and C++ builds.
*/

#ifndef ROARING_TYPES_H
#define ROARING_TYPES_H

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace api {
#endif

/**
 * When building .c files as C++, there's added compile-time checking if the
 * container types are derived from a `container_t` base class.  So long as
 * such a base class is empty, the struct will behave compatibly with C structs
 * despite the derivation.  This is due to the Empty Base Class Optimization:
 *
 * https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/ebo
 *
 * But since C isn't namespaced, taking `container_t` globally might collide
 * with other projects.  So roaring.h uses ROARING_CONTAINER_T, while internal
 * code #undefs that after declaring `typedef ROARING_CONTAINER_T container_t;`
 */
#if defined(__cplusplus)
extern "C++" {
struct container_s {};
}
#define ROARING_CONTAINER_T ::roaring::api::container_s
#else
#define ROARING_CONTAINER_T void  // no compile-time checking
#endif

#define ROARING_FLAG_COW UINT8_C(0x1)
#define ROARING_FLAG_FROZEN UINT8_C(0x2)
// 64-bit only: ART node arrays alias a frozen buffer (do not art_free).
#define ROARING_FLAG_FROZEN_ART UINT8_C(0x4)

/**
 * Roaring arrays are array-based key-value pairs having containers as values
 * and 16-bit integer keys. A roaring bitmap  might be implemented as such.
 */

// parallel arrays.  Element sizes quite different.
// Alternative is array
// of structs.  Which would have better
// cache performance through binary searches?

typedef struct roaring_array_s {
    int32_t size;
    int32_t allocation_size;
    ROARING_CONTAINER_T **containers;  // Use container_t in non-API files!
    uint16_t *keys;
    uint8_t *typecodes;
    uint8_t flags;
} roaring_array_t;

typedef bool (*roaring_iterator)(uint32_t value, void *param);
typedef bool (*roaring_iterator64)(uint64_t value, void *param);

/**
 *  (For advanced users.)
 * The roaring_statistics_t can be used to collect detailed statistics about
 * the composition of a roaring bitmap.
 */
typedef struct roaring_statistics_s {
    uint32_t n_containers; /* number of containers */

    uint32_t n_array_containers;  /* number of array containers */
    uint32_t n_run_containers;    /* number of run containers */
    uint32_t n_bitset_containers; /* number of bitmap containers */

    uint32_t
        n_values_array_containers;    /* number of values in array containers */
    uint32_t n_values_run_containers; /* number of values in run containers */
    uint32_t
        n_values_bitset_containers; /* number of values in  bitmap containers */

    uint32_t n_bytes_array_containers;  /* number of allocated bytes in array
                                           containers */
    uint32_t n_bytes_run_containers;    /* number of allocated bytes in run
                                           containers */
    uint32_t n_bytes_bitset_containers; /* number of allocated bytes in  bitmap
                                           containers */

    uint32_t
        max_value; /* the maximal value, undefined if cardinality is zero */
    uint32_t
        min_value; /* the minimal value, undefined if cardinality is zero */

    CROARING_DEPRECATED
    uint64_t sum_value; /* deprecated always zero */

    uint64_t cardinality; /* total number of values stored in the bitmap */

    // and n_values_arrays, n_values_rle, n_values_bitmap
} roaring_statistics_t;

/**
 *  (For advanced users.)
 * The roaring64_statistics_t can be used to collect detailed statistics about
 * the composition of a roaring64 bitmap.
 */
typedef struct roaring64_statistics_s {
    uint64_t n_containers; /* number of containers */

    uint64_t n_array_containers;  /* number of array containers */
    uint64_t n_run_containers;    /* number of run containers */
    uint64_t n_bitset_containers; /* number of bitmap containers */

    uint64_t
        n_values_array_containers;    /* number of values in array containers */
    uint64_t n_values_run_containers; /* number of values in run containers */
    uint64_t
        n_values_bitset_containers; /* number of values in  bitmap containers */

    uint64_t n_bytes_array_containers;  /* number of allocated bytes in array
                                           containers */
    uint64_t n_bytes_run_containers;    /* number of allocated bytes in run
                                           containers */
    uint64_t n_bytes_bitset_containers; /* number of allocated bytes in  bitmap
                                           containers */

    uint64_t
        max_value; /* the maximal value, undefined if cardinality is zero */
    uint64_t
        min_value; /* the minimal value, undefined if cardinality is zero */

    uint64_t cardinality; /* total number of values stored in the bitmap */

    // and n_values_arrays, n_values_rle, n_values_bitmap
} roaring64_statistics_t;

/**
 * Roaring-internal type used to iterate within a roaring container.
 */
typedef struct roaring_container_iterator_s {
    // For bitset and array containers this is the index of the bit / entry.
    // For run containers this points at the run.
    int32_t index;
} roaring_container_iterator_t;

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace api {
#endif

#endif /* ROARING_TYPES_H */
/* end file include/roaring/roaring_types.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/bitset/bitset.h */
/*
 * bitset.h
 *
 * This bitset is a general-purpose dynamic bitmap storing bits in a contiguous
 * array of 64-bit words. The array field points to the word buffer, arraysize
 * records how many words are currently in use, and capacity records how many
 * words are allocated.
 *
 * Unlike the fixed 16-bit-domain container bitset, this structure can grow to
 * cover an arbitrary number of bit positions. It is useful when callers need a
 * resizable bitmap with efficient bitwise operations, scans, and shifts over a
 * larger or runtime-defined domain.
 */
#ifndef CROARING_CBITSET_BITSET_H
#define CROARING_CBITSET_BITSET_H

// For compatibility with MSVC with the use of `restrict`
#ifdef __cplusplus
#define CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT
#elif (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) || \
    (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__STDC_VERSION__))
#define CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT restrict
#else
#define CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT
#endif

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace api {
#endif

struct bitset_s {
    uint64_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT array;
    /* For simplicity and performance, we prefer to have a size and a capacity
     * that is a multiple of 64 bits. Thus we only track the size and the
     * capacity in terms of 64-bit words allocated */
    size_t arraysize;
    size_t capacity;
};

typedef struct bitset_s bitset_t;

/* Create a new bitset. Return NULL in case of failure. */
bitset_t *bitset_create(void);

/* Create a new bitset able to contain size bits. Return NULL in case of
 * failure. */
bitset_t *bitset_create_with_capacity(size_t size);

/* Free memory. */
void bitset_free(bitset_t *bitset);

/* Set all bits to zero. */
void bitset_clear(bitset_t *bitset);

/* Set all bits to one. */
void bitset_fill(bitset_t *bitset);

/* Create a copy */
bitset_t *bitset_copy(const bitset_t *bitset);

/* For advanced users: Resize the bitset so that it can support newarraysize *
 * 64 bits. Return true in case of success, false for failure. Pad with zeroes
 * new buffer areas if requested. */
bool bitset_resize(bitset_t *bitset, size_t newarraysize, bool padwithzeroes);

/* returns how many bytes of memory the backend buffer uses */
inline size_t bitset_size_in_bytes(const bitset_t *bitset) {
    return bitset->arraysize * sizeof(uint64_t);
}

/* returns how many bits can be accessed */
inline size_t bitset_size_in_bits(const bitset_t *bitset) {
    return bitset->arraysize * 64;
}

/* returns how many words (64-bit) of memory the backend buffer uses */
inline size_t bitset_size_in_words(const bitset_t *bitset) {
    return bitset->arraysize;
}

/* For advanced users: Grow the bitset so that it can support newarraysize * 64
 * bits with padding. Return true in case of success, false for failure. */
bool bitset_grow(bitset_t *bitset, size_t newarraysize);

/* attempts to recover unused memory, return false in case of
 * roaring_reallocation failure */
bool bitset_trim(bitset_t *bitset);

/* shifts all bits by 's' positions so that the bitset representing values
 * 1,2,10 would represent values 1+s, 2+s, 10+s */
void bitset_shift_left(bitset_t *bitset, size_t s);

/* shifts all bits by 's' positions so that the bitset representing values
 * 1,2,10 would represent values 1-s, 2-s, 10-s, negative values are deleted */
void bitset_shift_right(bitset_t *bitset, size_t s);

/* Set the ith bit. Attempts to resize the bitset if needed (may silently fail)
 */
inline void bitset_set(bitset_t *bitset, size_t i) {
    size_t shiftedi = i / 64;
    if (shiftedi >= bitset->arraysize) {
        if (!bitset_grow(bitset, shiftedi + 1)) {
            return;
        }
    }
    bitset->array[shiftedi] |= ((uint64_t)1) << (i % 64);
}

/* Set the ith bit to the specified value. Attempts to resize the bitset if
 * needed (may silently fail) */
inline void bitset_set_to_value(bitset_t *bitset, size_t i, bool flag) {
    size_t shiftedi = i / 64;
    uint64_t mask = ((uint64_t)1) << (i % 64);
    uint64_t dynmask = ((uint64_t)flag) << (i % 64);
    if (shiftedi >= bitset->arraysize) {
        if (!bitset_grow(bitset, shiftedi + 1)) {
            return;
        }
    }
    uint64_t w = bitset->array[shiftedi];
    w &= ~mask;
    w |= dynmask;
    bitset->array[shiftedi] = w;
}

/* Get the value of the ith bit.  */
inline bool bitset_get(const bitset_t *bitset, size_t i) {
    size_t shiftedi = i / 64;
    if (shiftedi >= bitset->arraysize) {
        return false;
    }
    return (bitset->array[shiftedi] & (((uint64_t)1) << (i % 64))) != 0;
}

/* Count number of bits set.  */
size_t bitset_count(const bitset_t *bitset);

/* Returns true if no bit is set.  */
bool bitset_empty(const bitset_t *bitset);

/* Find the index of the first bit set. Or SIZE_MAX if the bitset is empty.  */
size_t bitset_minimum(const bitset_t *bitset);

/* Find the index of the last bit set. Or zero if the bitset is empty.  */
size_t bitset_maximum(const bitset_t *bitset);

/* compute the union in-place (to b1), returns true if successful, to generate a
 * new bitset first call bitset_copy */
bool bitset_inplace_union(bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b1,
                          const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b2);

/* report the size of the union (without materializing it) */
size_t bitset_union_count(const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b1,
                          const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b2);

/* compute the intersection in-place (to b1), to generate a new bitset first
 * call bitset_copy */
void bitset_inplace_intersection(bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b1,
                                 const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b2);

/* report the size of the intersection (without materializing it) */
size_t bitset_intersection_count(const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b1,
                                 const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b2);

/* returns true if the bitsets contain no common elements */
bool bitsets_disjoint(const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b1,
                      const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b2);

/* returns true if the bitsets contain any common elements */
bool bitsets_intersect(const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b1,
                       const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b2);

/* returns true if b1 contains all of the set bits of b2 */
bool bitset_contains_all(const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b1,
                         const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b2);

/* compute the difference in-place (to b1), to generate a new bitset first call
 * bitset_copy */
void bitset_inplace_difference(bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b1,
                               const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b2);

/* compute the size of the difference */
size_t bitset_difference_count(const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b1,
                               const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b2);

/* compute the symmetric difference in-place (to b1), return true if successful,
 * to generate a new bitset first call bitset_copy */
bool bitset_inplace_symmetric_difference(
    bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b1,
    const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b2);

/* compute the size of the symmetric difference  */
size_t bitset_symmetric_difference_count(
    const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b1,
    const bitset_t *CROARING_CBITSET_RESTRICT b2);

/* iterate over the set bits
 like so :
  for(size_t i = 0; bitset_next_set_bit(b,&i) ; i++) {
    //.....
  }
  */
inline bool bitset_next_set_bit(const bitset_t *bitset, size_t *i) {
    size_t x = *i / 64;
    if (x >= bitset->arraysize) {
        return false;
    }
    uint64_t w = bitset->array[x];
    w >>= (*i & 63);
    if (w != 0) {
        *i += roaring_trailing_zeroes(w);
        return true;
    }
    x++;
    while (x < bitset->arraysize) {
        w = bitset->array[x];
        if (w != 0) {
            *i = x * 64 + roaring_trailing_zeroes(w);
            return true;
        }
        x++;
    }
    return false;
}

/* iterate over the set bits
 like so :
   size_t buffer[256];
   size_t howmany = 0;
  for(size_t startfrom = 0; (howmany = bitset_next_set_bits(b,buffer,256,
 &startfrom)) > 0 ; startfrom++) {
    //.....
  }
  */
inline size_t bitset_next_set_bits(const bitset_t *bitset, size_t *buffer,
                                   size_t capacity, size_t *startfrom) {
    if (capacity == 0) return 0;  // sanity check
    size_t x = *startfrom / 64;
    if (x >= bitset->arraysize) {
        return 0;  // nothing more to iterate over
    }
    uint64_t w = bitset->array[x];
    // unset low bits inside the word less than *startfrom
    w &= ~((UINT64_C(1) << (*startfrom & 63)) - 1);
    size_t howmany = 0;
    size_t base = x << 6;
    while (howmany < capacity) {
        while (w != 0) {
            uint64_t t = w & (~w + 1);
            int r = roaring_trailing_zeroes(w);
            buffer[howmany++] = r + base;
            if (howmany == capacity) goto end;
            w ^= t;
        }
        x += 1;
        if (x == bitset->arraysize) {
            break;
        }
        base += 64;
        w = bitset->array[x];
    }
end:
    if (howmany > 0) {
        *startfrom = buffer[howmany - 1];
    }
    return howmany;
}

typedef bool (*bitset_iterator)(size_t value, void *param);

// return true if uninterrupted
inline bool bitset_for_each(const bitset_t *b, bitset_iterator iterator,
                            void *ptr) {
    size_t base = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < b->arraysize; ++i) {
        uint64_t w = b->array[i];
        while (w != 0) {
            uint64_t t = w & (~w + 1);
            int r = roaring_trailing_zeroes(w);
            if (!iterator(r + base, ptr)) return false;
            w ^= t;
        }
        base += 64;
    }
    return true;
}

inline void bitset_print(const bitset_t *b) {
    printf("{");
    for (size_t i = 0; bitset_next_set_bit(b, &i); i++) {
        printf("%zu, ", i);
    }
    printf("}");
}

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace api {
#endif

#endif
/* end file include/roaring/bitset/bitset.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/container_defs.h */
/*
 * container_defs.h
 *
 * Unlike containers.h (which is a file aggregating all the container includes,
 * like array.h, bitset.h, and run.h) this is a file included BY those headers
 * to do things like define the container base class `container_t`.
 */

#ifndef INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_CONTAINER_DEFS_H_
#define INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_CONTAINER_DEFS_H_

#ifdef __cplusplus
#include <type_traits>  // used by casting helper for compile-time check
#endif

// The preferences are a separate file to separate out tweakable parameters

#ifdef __cplusplus
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {  // No extern "C" (contains template)
#endif

/*
 * Since roaring_array_t's definition is not opaque, the container type is
 * part of the API.  If it's not going to be `void*` then it needs a name, and
 * expectations are to prefix C library-exported names with `roaring_` etc.
 *
 * Rather than force the whole codebase to use the name `roaring_container_t`,
 * the few API appearances use the macro ROARING_CONTAINER_T.  Those includes
 * are prior to containers.h, so make a short private alias of `container_t`.
 * Then undefine the awkward macro so it's not used any more than it has to be.
 */
typedef ROARING_CONTAINER_T container_t;

/*
 * See ROARING_CONTAINER_T for notes on using container_t as a base class.
 * This macro helps make the following pattern look nicer:
 *
 *     #ifdef __cplusplus
 *     struct roaring_array_s : public container_t {
 *     #else
 *     struct roaring_array_s {
 *     #endif
 *         int32_t cardinality;
 *         int32_t capacity;
 *         uint16_t *array;
 *     }
 */
#if defined(__cplusplus)
#define STRUCT_CONTAINER(name) struct name : public container_t /* { ... } */
#else
#define STRUCT_CONTAINER(name) struct name /* { ... } */
#endif

/**
 * Since container_t* is not void* in C++, "dangerous" casts are not needed to
 * downcast; only a static_cast<> is needed.  Define a macro for static casting
 * which helps make casts more visible, and catches problems at compile-time
 * when building the C sources in C++ mode:
 *
 *     void some_func(container_t **c, ...) {  // double pointer, not single
 *         array_container_t *ac1 = (array_container_t *)(c);  // uncaught!!
 *
 *         array_container_t *ac2 = CAST(array_container_t *, c)  // C++ errors
 *         array_container_t *ac3 = CAST_array(c);  // shorthand for #2, errors
 *     }
 *
 * Trickier to do is a cast from `container**` to `array_container_t**`.  This
 * needs a reinterpret_cast<>, which sacrifices safety...so a template is used
 * leveraging <type_traits> to make sure it's legal in the C++ build.
 */
#ifdef __cplusplus
#define CAST(type, value) static_cast<type>(value)
#define movable_CAST(type, value) movable_CAST_HELPER<type>(value)

template <typename PPDerived, typename Base>
PPDerived movable_CAST_HELPER(Base **ptr_to_ptr) {
    typedef typename std::remove_pointer<PPDerived>::type PDerived;
    typedef typename std::remove_pointer<PDerived>::type Derived;
    static_assert(std::is_base_of<Base, Derived>::value,
                  "use movable_CAST() for container_t** => xxx_container_t**");
    return reinterpret_cast<Derived **>(ptr_to_ptr);
}
#else
#define CAST(type, value) ((type)value)
#define movable_CAST(type, value) ((type)value)
#endif

// Use for converting e.g. an `array_container_t**` to a `container_t**`
//
#define movable_CAST_base(c) movable_CAST(container_t **, c)

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}  // namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif /* INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_CONTAINER_DEFS_H_ */
/* end file include/roaring/containers/container_defs.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/array_util.h */
/*
 * array_util.h
 *
 * This header provides low-level utility routines for sorted arrays of
 * 16-bit integers, which are used heavily by CRoaring's array-based
 * containers and set-operation kernels. It includes search helpers, counting
 * helpers, and array intersection/difference primitives.
 *
 * Some of the routines also have SIMD-accelerated implementations on supported
 * platforms, allowing efficient operations on sorted integer arrays that form
 * the basis of sparse container processing.
 */
#ifndef CROARING_ARRAY_UTIL_H
#define CROARING_ARRAY_UTIL_H

#include <stddef.h>  // for size_t
#include <stdint.h>


#if CROARING_IS_X64
#ifndef CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512
#error "CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512 needs to be defined."
#endif  // CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512
#endif
#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wuninitialized"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmaybe-uninitialized"
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif

/*
 *  Sorted-array search.
 *  Assumes that array is sorted, has logarithmic complexity.
 *  if the result is x, then:
 *     if ( x>0 )  you have array[x] = ikey
 *     if ( x<0 ) then inserting ikey at position -x-1 in array (insuring that
 * array[-x-1]=ikey) keys the array sorted.
 *
 * Adapted from array_container_contains: a SIMD-quad block-narrowing
 * search at gap=16 (Daniel Lemire,
 * https://lemire.me/blog/2026/04/27/you-can-beat-the-binary-search/)
 * followed by a scalar in-block scan that recovers the exact insertion
 * point required by the binarySearch contract.
 */
inline int32_t binarySearch(const uint16_t *array, int32_t lenarray,
                            uint16_t ikey) {
    const int32_t gap = 16;
    if (lenarray < gap) {
        for (int32_t j = 0; j < lenarray; j++) {
            if (array[j] >= ikey) {
                return (array[j] == ikey) ? j : -(j + 1);
            }
        }
        return -(lenarray + 1);
    }
    const int32_t num_blocks = lenarray / gap;
    int32_t base = 0;
    int32_t n = num_blocks;
    while (n > 3) {
        int32_t quarter = n >> 2;

        int32_t k1 = array[(base + quarter + 1) * gap - 1];
        int32_t k2 = array[(base + 2 * quarter + 1) * gap - 1];
        int32_t k3 = array[(base + 3 * quarter + 1) * gap - 1];

        int32_t c1 = (k1 < ikey);
        int32_t c2 = (k2 < ikey);
        int32_t c3 = (k3 < ikey);

        base += (c1 + c2 + c3) * quarter;
        n -= 3 * quarter;
    }
    while (n > 1) {
        int32_t half = n >> 1;
        base = (array[(base + half + 1) * gap - 1] < ikey) ? base + half : base;
        n -= half;
    }
    int32_t lo = (array[(base + 1) * gap - 1] < ikey) ? base + 1 : base;

    if (lo < num_blocks) {
        const int32_t start = lo * gap;
#if defined(CROARING_IS_X64)
        // SSE2: subs_epu16 yields zero where lane >= ikey. movemask of an
        // epi16 compare gives 2 bits per lane; ctz>>1 = lane index. Scan
        // the first 8 lanes first and exit early when they contain the
        // answer; otherwise the block-narrowing invariant guarantees the
        // second-half mask is non-zero.
        __m128i needle = _mm_set1_epi16((short)ikey);
        __m128i zero = _mm_setzero_si128();
        __m128i v0 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)(array + start));
        __m128i ge0 = _mm_cmpeq_epi16(_mm_subs_epu16(needle, v0), zero);
        unsigned m0 = (unsigned)_mm_movemask_epi8(ge0);
        if (m0 != 0) {
            int32_t j = start + (int32_t)(roaring_trailing_zeroes(m0) >> 1);
            return (array[j] == ikey) ? j : -(j + 1);
        }
        __m128i v1 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)(array + start + 8));
        __m128i ge1 = _mm_cmpeq_epi16(_mm_subs_epu16(needle, v1), zero);
        unsigned m1 = (unsigned)_mm_movemask_epi8(ge1);
        int32_t j = start + 8 + (int32_t)(roaring_trailing_zeroes(m1) >> 1);
        return (array[j] == ikey) ? j : -(j + 1);
#else
        const int32_t end = start + gap;
        for (int32_t j = start; j < end; j++) {
            if (array[j] >= ikey) {
                return (array[j] == ikey) ? j : -(j + 1);
            }
        }
        // Unreachable: the narrowing guarantees the last element of the
        // selected block is >= ikey.
        return -(end + 1);
#endif
    }

    for (int32_t j = num_blocks * gap; j < lenarray; j++) {
        if (array[j] >= ikey) {
            return (array[j] == ikey) ? j : -(j + 1);
        }
    }
    return -(lenarray + 1);
}

/**
 * Galloping search
 * Assumes that array is sorted, has logarithmic complexity.
 * if the result is x, then if x = length, you have that all values in array
 * between pos and length are smaller than min. otherwise returns the first
 * index x such that array[x] >= min.
 */
static inline int32_t advanceUntil(const uint16_t *array, int32_t pos,
                                   int32_t length, uint16_t min) {
    int32_t lower = pos + 1;

    if ((lower >= length) || (array[lower] >= min)) {
        return lower;
    }

    int32_t spansize = 1;

    while ((lower + spansize < length) && (array[lower + spansize] < min)) {
        spansize <<= 1;
    }
    int32_t upper = (lower + spansize < length) ? lower + spansize : length - 1;

    if (array[upper] == min) {
        return upper;
    }
    if (array[upper] < min) {
        // means
        // array
        // has no
        // item
        // >= min
        // pos = array.length;
        return length;
    }

    // we know that the next-smallest span was too small
    lower += (spansize >> 1);

    int32_t mid = 0;
    while (lower + 1 != upper) {
        mid = (lower + upper) >> 1;
        if (array[mid] == min) {
            return mid;
        } else if (array[mid] < min) {
            lower = mid;
        } else {
            upper = mid;
        }
    }
    return upper;
}

/**
 * Returns number of elements which are less than ikey.
 * Array elements must be unique and sorted.
 */
static inline int32_t count_less(const uint16_t *array, int32_t lenarray,
                                 uint16_t ikey) {
    if (lenarray == 0) return 0;
    int32_t pos = binarySearch(array, lenarray, ikey);
    return pos >= 0 ? pos : -(pos + 1);
}

/**
 * Returns number of elements which are greater than ikey.
 * Array elements must be unique and sorted.
 */
static inline int32_t count_greater(const uint16_t *array, int32_t lenarray,
                                    uint16_t ikey) {
    if (lenarray == 0) return 0;
    int32_t pos = binarySearch(array, lenarray, ikey);
    if (pos >= 0) {
        return lenarray - (pos + 1);
    } else {
        return lenarray - (-pos - 1);
    }
}

/**
 * From Schlegel et al., Fast Sorted-Set Intersection using SIMD Instructions
 * Optimized by D. Lemire on May 3rd 2013
 *
 * C should have capacity greater than the minimum of s_1 and s_b + 8
 * where 8 is sizeof(__m128i)/sizeof(uint16_t).
 */
int32_t intersect_vector16(const uint16_t *A, size_t s_a, const uint16_t *B,
                           size_t s_b, uint16_t *C);

int32_t intersect_vector16_inplace(uint16_t *A, size_t s_a, const uint16_t *B,
                                   size_t s_b);

/**
 * Take an array container and write it out to a 32-bit array, using base
 * as the offset.
 */
int array_container_to_uint32_array_vector16(void *vout, const uint16_t *array,
                                             size_t cardinality, uint32_t base);
#if CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512
int avx512_array_container_to_uint32_array(void *vout, const uint16_t *array,
                                           size_t cardinality, uint32_t base);
#endif
/**
 * Compute the cardinality of the intersection using SSE4 instructions
 */
int32_t intersect_vector16_cardinality(const uint16_t *A, size_t s_a,
                                       const uint16_t *B, size_t s_b);

/* Computes the intersection between one small and one large set of uint16_t.
 * Stores the result into buffer and return the number of elements. */
int32_t intersect_skewed_uint16(const uint16_t *smallarray, size_t size_s,
                                const uint16_t *largearray, size_t size_l,
                                uint16_t *buffer);

/* Computes the size of the intersection between one small and one large set of
 * uint16_t. */
int32_t intersect_skewed_uint16_cardinality(const uint16_t *smallarray,
                                            size_t size_s,
                                            const uint16_t *largearray,
                                            size_t size_l);

/* Check whether the size of the intersection between one small and one large
 * set of uint16_t is non-zero. */
bool intersect_skewed_uint16_nonempty(const uint16_t *smallarray, size_t size_s,
                                      const uint16_t *largearray,
                                      size_t size_l);
/**
 * Generic intersection function.
 */
int32_t intersect_uint16(const uint16_t *A, const size_t lenA,
                         const uint16_t *B, const size_t lenB, uint16_t *out);
/**
 * Compute the size of the intersection (generic).
 */
int32_t intersect_uint16_cardinality(const uint16_t *A, const size_t lenA,
                                     const uint16_t *B, const size_t lenB);

/**
 * Checking whether the size of the intersection  is non-zero.
 */
bool intersect_uint16_nonempty(const uint16_t *A, const size_t lenA,
                               const uint16_t *B, const size_t lenB);
/**
 * Generic union function.
 */
size_t union_uint16(const uint16_t *set_1, size_t size_1, const uint16_t *set_2,
                    size_t size_2, uint16_t *buffer);

/**
 * Generic XOR function.
 */
int32_t xor_uint16(const uint16_t *array_1, int32_t card_1,
                   const uint16_t *array_2, int32_t card_2, uint16_t *out);

/**
 * Generic difference function (ANDNOT).
 */
int difference_uint16(const uint16_t *a1, int length1, const uint16_t *a2,
                      int length2, uint16_t *a_out);

/**
 * Generic intersection function.
 */
size_t intersection_uint32(const uint32_t *A, const size_t lenA,
                           const uint32_t *B, const size_t lenB, uint32_t *out);

/**
 * Generic intersection function, returns just the cardinality.
 */
size_t intersection_uint32_card(const uint32_t *A, const size_t lenA,
                                const uint32_t *B, const size_t lenB);

/**
 * Generic union function.
 */
size_t union_uint32(const uint32_t *set_1, size_t size_1, const uint32_t *set_2,
                    size_t size_2, uint32_t *buffer);

/**
 * A fast SSE-based union function.
 */
uint32_t union_vector16(const uint16_t *set_1, uint32_t size_1,
                        const uint16_t *set_2, uint32_t size_2,
                        uint16_t *buffer);

#if CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512
/**
 * AVX-512 union of two sorted uint16 arrays, using a Batcher bitonic merge
 * network over 32 lanes. Same contract as union_vector16: `buffer` must have
 * room for size_1 + size_2 values.
 */
uint32_t avx512_union_uint16(const uint16_t *set_1, uint32_t size_1,
                             const uint16_t *set_2, uint32_t size_2,
                             uint16_t *buffer);
#endif  // CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512

/**
 * A fast SSE-based XOR function.
 */
uint32_t xor_vector16(const uint16_t *array1, uint32_t length1,
                      const uint16_t *array2, uint32_t length2,
                      uint16_t *output);

/**
 * A fast SSE-based difference function.
 */
int32_t difference_vector16(const uint16_t *A, size_t s_a, const uint16_t *B,
                            size_t s_b, uint16_t *C);

/**
 * Generic union function, returns just the cardinality.
 */
size_t union_uint32_card(const uint32_t *set_1, size_t size_1,
                         const uint32_t *set_2, size_t size_2);

/**
 * combines union_uint16 and  union_vector16 optimally
 */
size_t fast_union_uint16(const uint16_t *set_1, size_t size_1,
                         const uint16_t *set_2, size_t size_2,
                         uint16_t *buffer);

bool memequals(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif
#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
#endif
/* end file include/roaring/array_util.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/bitset_util.h */
/*
 * bitset_util.h
 *
 * This header collects low-level utility functions for operating on raw
 * bitsets represented as arrays of 64-bit words. It includes helpers for
 * setting, clearing, flipping, counting, extracting, and combining bit ranges,
 * along with architecture-specific SIMD implementations for performance-
 * critical routines.
 *
 * In particular, this file contains accelerated extraction and population-
 * count code paths for x64 targets using AVX2 and, when supported by the
 * compiler and hardware, AVX-512.
 */
#ifndef CROARING_BITSET_UTIL_H
#define CROARING_BITSET_UTIL_H

#include <stdint.h>


#if CROARING_IS_X64
#ifndef CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512
#error "CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512 needs to be defined."
#endif  // CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512
#endif
#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wuninitialized"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmaybe-uninitialized"
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif

/*
 * Set all bits in indexes [begin,end) to true.
 */
static inline void bitset_set_range(uint64_t *words, uint32_t start,
                                    uint32_t end) {
    if (start == end) return;
    uint32_t firstword = start / 64;
    uint32_t endword = (end - 1) / 64;
    if (firstword == endword) {
        words[firstword] |= ((~UINT64_C(0)) << (start % 64)) &
                            ((~UINT64_C(0)) >> ((~end + 1) % 64));
        return;
    }
    words[firstword] |= (~UINT64_C(0)) << (start % 64);
    for (uint32_t i = firstword + 1; i < endword; i++) {
        words[i] = ~UINT64_C(0);
    }
    words[endword] |= (~UINT64_C(0)) >> ((~end + 1) % 64);
}

/*
 * Find the cardinality of the bitset in [begin,begin+lenminusone]
 */
static inline int bitset_lenrange_cardinality(const uint64_t *words,
                                              uint32_t start,
                                              uint32_t lenminusone) {
    uint32_t firstword = start / 64;
    uint32_t endword = (start + lenminusone) / 64;
    if (firstword == endword) {
        return roaring_hamming(words[firstword] &
                               ((~UINT64_C(0)) >> ((63 - lenminusone) % 64))
                                   << (start % 64));
    }
    int answer =
        roaring_hamming(words[firstword] & ((~UINT64_C(0)) << (start % 64)));
    for (uint32_t i = firstword + 1; i < endword; i++) {
        answer += roaring_hamming(words[i]);
    }
    answer += roaring_hamming(words[endword] &
                              (~UINT64_C(0)) >>
                                  (((~start + 1) - lenminusone - 1) % 64));
    return answer;
}

/*
 * Check whether the cardinality of the bitset in [begin,begin+lenminusone] is 0
 */
static inline bool bitset_lenrange_empty(const uint64_t *words, uint32_t start,
                                         uint32_t lenminusone) {
    uint32_t firstword = start / 64;
    uint32_t endword = (start + lenminusone) / 64;
    if (firstword == endword) {
        return (words[firstword] & ((~UINT64_C(0)) >> ((63 - lenminusone) % 64))
                                       << (start % 64)) == 0;
    }
    if (((words[firstword] & ((~UINT64_C(0)) << (start % 64)))) != 0) {
        return false;
    }
    for (uint32_t i = firstword + 1; i < endword; i++) {
        if (words[i] != 0) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    if ((words[endword] &
         (~UINT64_C(0)) >> (((~start + 1) - lenminusone - 1) % 64)) != 0) {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

/*
 * Set all bits in indexes [begin,begin+lenminusone] to true.
 */
static inline void bitset_set_lenrange(uint64_t *words, uint32_t start,
                                       uint32_t lenminusone) {
    uint32_t firstword = start / 64;
    uint32_t endword = (start + lenminusone) / 64;
    if (firstword == endword) {
        words[firstword] |= ((~UINT64_C(0)) >> ((63 - lenminusone) % 64))
                            << (start % 64);
        return;
    }
    uint64_t temp = words[endword];
    words[firstword] |= (~UINT64_C(0)) << (start % 64);
    for (uint32_t i = firstword + 1; i < endword; i += 2)
        words[i] = words[i + 1] = ~UINT64_C(0);
    words[endword] =
        temp | (~UINT64_C(0)) >> (((~start + 1) - lenminusone - 1) % 64);
}

/*
 * Flip all the bits in indexes [begin,end).
 */
static inline void bitset_flip_range(uint64_t *words, uint32_t start,
                                     uint32_t end) {
    if (start == end) return;
    uint32_t firstword = start / 64;
    uint32_t endword = (end - 1) / 64;
    words[firstword] ^= ~((~UINT64_C(0)) << (start % 64));
    for (uint32_t i = firstword; i < endword; i++) {
        words[i] = ~words[i];
    }
    words[endword] ^= ((~UINT64_C(0)) >> ((~end + 1) % 64));
}

/*
 * Set all bits in indexes [begin,end) to false.
 */
static inline void bitset_reset_range(uint64_t *words, uint32_t start,
                                      uint32_t end) {
    if (start == end) return;
    uint32_t firstword = start / 64;
    uint32_t endword = (end - 1) / 64;
    if (firstword == endword) {
        words[firstword] &= ~(((~UINT64_C(0)) << (start % 64)) &
                              ((~UINT64_C(0)) >> ((~end + 1) % 64)));
        return;
    }
    words[firstword] &= ~((~UINT64_C(0)) << (start % 64));
    for (uint32_t i = firstword + 1; i < endword; i++) {
        words[i] = UINT64_C(0);
    }
    words[endword] &= ~((~UINT64_C(0)) >> ((~end + 1) % 64));
}

/*
 * Given a bitset containing "length" 64-bit words, write out the position
 * of all the set bits to "out", values start at "base".
 *
 * The "out" pointer should be sufficient to store the actual number of bits
 * set.
 *
 * Returns how many values were actually decoded.
 *
 * This function should only be expected to be faster than
 * bitset_extract_setbits
 * when the density of the bitset is high.
 *
 * This function uses AVX2 decoding.
 */
size_t bitset_extract_setbits_avx2(const uint64_t *words, size_t length,
                                   uint32_t *out, size_t outcapacity,
                                   uint32_t base);

size_t bitset_extract_setbits_avx512(const uint64_t *words, size_t length,
                                     uint32_t *out, size_t outcapacity,
                                     uint32_t base);
/*
 * Given a bitset containing "length" 64-bit words, write out the position
 * of all the set bits to "out", values start at "base".
 *
 * The "out" pointer should be sufficient to store the actual number of bits
 *set.
 *
 * Returns how many values were actually decoded.
 */
size_t bitset_extract_setbits(const uint64_t *words, size_t length,
                              uint32_t *out, uint32_t base);

/*
 * Given a bitset containing "length" 64-bit words, write out the position
 * of all the set bits to "out" as 16-bit integers, values start at "base" (can
 *be set to zero)
 *
 * The "out" pointer should be sufficient to store the actual number of bits
 *set.
 *
 * Returns how many values were actually decoded.
 *
 * This function should only be expected to be faster than
 *bitset_extract_setbits_uint16
 * when the density of the bitset is high.
 *
 * This function uses SSE decoding.
 */
size_t bitset_extract_setbits_sse_uint16(const uint64_t *words, size_t length,
                                         uint16_t *out, size_t outcapacity,
                                         uint16_t base);

size_t bitset_extract_setbits_avx512_uint16(const uint64_t *words,
                                            size_t length, uint16_t *out,
                                            size_t outcapacity, uint16_t base);

/*
 * Given a bitset containing "length" 64-bit words, write out the position
 * of all the set bits to "out",  values start at "base"
 * (can be set to zero)
 *
 * The "out" pointer should be sufficient to store the actual number of bits
 *set.
 *
 * Returns how many values were actually decoded.
 */
size_t bitset_extract_setbits_uint16(const uint64_t *words, size_t length,
                                     uint16_t *out, uint16_t base);

/*
 * Given two bitsets containing "length" 64-bit words, write out the position
 * of all the common set bits to "out", values start at "base"
 * (can be set to zero)
 *
 * The "out" pointer should be sufficient to store the actual number of bits
 * set.
 *
 * Returns how many values were actually decoded.
 */
size_t bitset_extract_intersection_setbits_uint16(
    const uint64_t *__restrict__ words1, const uint64_t *__restrict__ words2,
    size_t length, uint16_t *out, uint16_t base);

/*
 * Given a bitset having cardinality card, set all bit values in the list (there
 * are length of them)
 * and return the updated cardinality. This evidently assumes that the bitset
 * already contained data.
 */
uint64_t bitset_set_list_withcard(uint64_t *words, uint64_t card,
                                  const uint16_t *list, uint64_t length);
/*
 * Given a bitset, set all bit values in the list (there
 * are length of them).
 */
void bitset_set_list(uint64_t *words, const uint16_t *list, uint64_t length);

/*
 * Given a bitset having cardinality card, unset all bit values in the list
 * (there are length of them)
 * and return the updated cardinality. This evidently assumes that the bitset
 * already contained data.
 */
uint64_t bitset_clear_list(uint64_t *words, uint64_t card, const uint16_t *list,
                           uint64_t length);

/*
 * Given a bitset having cardinality card, toggle all bit values in the list
 * (there are length of them)
 * and return the updated cardinality. This evidently assumes that the bitset
 * already contained data.
 */

uint64_t bitset_flip_list_withcard(uint64_t *words, uint64_t card,
                                   const uint16_t *list, uint64_t length);

void bitset_flip_list(uint64_t *words, const uint16_t *list, uint64_t length);

#if CROARING_IS_X64
/***
 * BEGIN Harley-Seal popcount functions.
 */
CROARING_TARGET_AVX2
/**
 * Compute the population count of a 256-bit word
 * This is not especially fast, but it is convenient as part of other functions.
 */
static inline __m256i popcount256(__m256i v) {
    const __m256i lookuppos = _mm256_setr_epi8(
        /* 0 */ 4 + 0, /* 1 */ 4 + 1, /* 2 */ 4 + 1, /* 3 */ 4 + 2,
        /* 4 */ 4 + 1, /* 5 */ 4 + 2, /* 6 */ 4 + 2, /* 7 */ 4 + 3,
        /* 8 */ 4 + 1, /* 9 */ 4 + 2, /* a */ 4 + 2, /* b */ 4 + 3,
        /* c */ 4 + 2, /* d */ 4 + 3, /* e */ 4 + 3, /* f */ 4 + 4,

        /* 0 */ 4 + 0, /* 1 */ 4 + 1, /* 2 */ 4 + 1, /* 3 */ 4 + 2,
        /* 4 */ 4 + 1, /* 5 */ 4 + 2, /* 6 */ 4 + 2, /* 7 */ 4 + 3,
        /* 8 */ 4 + 1, /* 9 */ 4 + 2, /* a */ 4 + 2, /* b */ 4 + 3,
        /* c */ 4 + 2, /* d */ 4 + 3, /* e */ 4 + 3, /* f */ 4 + 4);
    const __m256i lookupneg = _mm256_setr_epi8(
        /* 0 */ 4 - 0, /* 1 */ 4 - 1, /* 2 */ 4 - 1, /* 3 */ 4 - 2,
        /* 4 */ 4 - 1, /* 5 */ 4 - 2, /* 6 */ 4 - 2, /* 7 */ 4 - 3,
        /* 8 */ 4 - 1, /* 9 */ 4 - 2, /* a */ 4 - 2, /* b */ 4 - 3,
        /* c */ 4 - 2, /* d */ 4 - 3, /* e */ 4 - 3, /* f */ 4 - 4,

        /* 0 */ 4 - 0, /* 1 */ 4 - 1, /* 2 */ 4 - 1, /* 3 */ 4 - 2,
        /* 4 */ 4 - 1, /* 5 */ 4 - 2, /* 6 */ 4 - 2, /* 7 */ 4 - 3,
        /* 8 */ 4 - 1, /* 9 */ 4 - 2, /* a */ 4 - 2, /* b */ 4 - 3,
        /* c */ 4 - 2, /* d */ 4 - 3, /* e */ 4 - 3, /* f */ 4 - 4);
    const __m256i low_mask = _mm256_set1_epi8(0x0f);

    const __m256i lo = _mm256_and_si256(v, low_mask);
    const __m256i hi = _mm256_and_si256(_mm256_srli_epi16(v, 4), low_mask);
    const __m256i popcnt1 = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(lookuppos, lo);
    const __m256i popcnt2 = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(lookupneg, hi);
    return _mm256_sad_epu8(popcnt1, popcnt2);
}
CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2

CROARING_TARGET_AVX2
/**
 * Simple CSA over 256 bits
 */
static inline void CSA(__m256i *h, __m256i *l, __m256i a, __m256i b,
                       __m256i c) {
    const __m256i u = _mm256_xor_si256(a, b);
    *h = _mm256_or_si256(_mm256_and_si256(a, b), _mm256_and_si256(u, c));
    *l = _mm256_xor_si256(u, c);
}
CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2

CROARING_TARGET_AVX2
/**
 * Fast Harley-Seal AVX population count function
 */
inline static uint64_t avx2_harley_seal_popcount256(const __m256i *data,
                                                    const uint64_t size) {
    __m256i total = _mm256_setzero_si256();
    __m256i ones = _mm256_setzero_si256();
    __m256i twos = _mm256_setzero_si256();
    __m256i fours = _mm256_setzero_si256();
    __m256i eights = _mm256_setzero_si256();
    __m256i sixteens = _mm256_setzero_si256();
    __m256i twosA, twosB, foursA, foursB, eightsA, eightsB;

    const uint64_t limit = size - size % 16;
    uint64_t i = 0;

    for (; i < limit; i += 16) {
        CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i),
            _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 1));
        CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 2),
            _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 3));
        CSA(&foursA, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);
        CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 4),
            _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 5));
        CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 6),
            _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 7));
        CSA(&foursB, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);
        CSA(&eightsA, &fours, fours, foursA, foursB);
        CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 8),
            _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 9));
        CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 10),
            _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 11));
        CSA(&foursA, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);
        CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 12),
            _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 13));
        CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 14),
            _mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i + 15));
        CSA(&foursB, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);
        CSA(&eightsB, &fours, fours, foursA, foursB);
        CSA(&sixteens, &eights, eights, eightsA, eightsB);

        total = _mm256_add_epi64(total, popcount256(sixteens));
    }

    total = _mm256_slli_epi64(total, 4);  // * 16
    total = _mm256_add_epi64(
        total, _mm256_slli_epi64(popcount256(eights), 3));  // += 8 * ...
    total = _mm256_add_epi64(
        total, _mm256_slli_epi64(popcount256(fours), 2));  // += 4 * ...
    total = _mm256_add_epi64(
        total, _mm256_slli_epi64(popcount256(twos), 1));  // += 2 * ...
    total = _mm256_add_epi64(total, popcount256(ones));
    for (; i < size; i++)
        total =
            _mm256_add_epi64(total, popcount256(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data + i)));

    return (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 0)) +
           (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 1)) +
           (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 2)) +
           (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 3));
}
CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2

#define CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC(opname, avx_intrinsic)                           \
    static inline uint64_t avx2_harley_seal_popcount256_##opname(              \
        const __m256i *data1, const __m256i *data2, const uint64_t size) {     \
        __m256i total = _mm256_setzero_si256();                                \
        __m256i ones = _mm256_setzero_si256();                                 \
        __m256i twos = _mm256_setzero_si256();                                 \
        __m256i fours = _mm256_setzero_si256();                                \
        __m256i eights = _mm256_setzero_si256();                               \
        __m256i sixteens = _mm256_setzero_si256();                             \
        __m256i twosA, twosB, foursA, foursB, eightsA, eightsB;                \
        __m256i A1, A2;                                                        \
        const uint64_t limit = size - size % 16;                               \
        uint64_t i = 0;                                                        \
        for (; i < limit; i += 16) {                                           \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i),                  \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i));                 \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 1),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 1));             \
            CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 2),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 2));             \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 3),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 3));             \
            CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            CSA(&foursA, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);                           \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 4),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 4));             \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 5),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 5));             \
            CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 6),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 6));             \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 7),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 7));             \
            CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            CSA(&foursB, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);                           \
            CSA(&eightsA, &fours, fours, foursA, foursB);                      \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 8),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 8));             \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 9),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 9));             \
            CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 10),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 10));            \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 11),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 11));            \
            CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            CSA(&foursA, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);                           \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 12),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 12));            \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 13),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 13));            \
            CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 14),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 14));            \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 15),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 15));            \
            CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            CSA(&foursB, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);                           \
            CSA(&eightsB, &fours, fours, foursA, foursB);                      \
            CSA(&sixteens, &eights, eights, eightsA, eightsB);                 \
            total = _mm256_add_epi64(total, popcount256(sixteens));            \
        }                                                                      \
        total = _mm256_slli_epi64(total, 4);                                   \
        total = _mm256_add_epi64(total,                                        \
                                 _mm256_slli_epi64(popcount256(eights), 3));   \
        total =                                                                \
            _mm256_add_epi64(total, _mm256_slli_epi64(popcount256(fours), 2)); \
        total =                                                                \
            _mm256_add_epi64(total, _mm256_slli_epi64(popcount256(twos), 1));  \
        total = _mm256_add_epi64(total, popcount256(ones));                    \
        for (; i < size; i++) {                                                \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i),                  \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i));                 \
            total = _mm256_add_epi64(total, popcount256(A1));                  \
        }                                                                      \
        return (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 0)) +                    \
               (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 1)) +                    \
               (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 2)) +                    \
               (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 3));                     \
    }                                                                          \
    static inline uint64_t avx2_harley_seal_popcount256andstore_##opname(      \
        const __m256i *__restrict__ data1, const __m256i *__restrict__ data2,  \
        __m256i *__restrict__ out, const uint64_t size) {                      \
        __m256i total = _mm256_setzero_si256();                                \
        __m256i ones = _mm256_setzero_si256();                                 \
        __m256i twos = _mm256_setzero_si256();                                 \
        __m256i fours = _mm256_setzero_si256();                                \
        __m256i eights = _mm256_setzero_si256();                               \
        __m256i sixteens = _mm256_setzero_si256();                             \
        __m256i twosA, twosB, foursA, foursB, eightsA, eightsB;                \
        __m256i A1, A2;                                                        \
        const uint64_t limit = size - size % 16;                               \
        uint64_t i = 0;                                                        \
        for (; i < limit; i += 16) {                                           \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i),                  \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i));                 \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i, A1);                                  \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 1),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 1));             \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 1, A2);                              \
            CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 2),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 2));             \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 2, A1);                              \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 3),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 3));             \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 3, A2);                              \
            CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            CSA(&foursA, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);                           \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 4),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 4));             \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 4, A1);                              \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 5),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 5));             \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 5, A2);                              \
            CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 6),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 6));             \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 6, A1);                              \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 7),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 7));             \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 7, A2);                              \
            CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            CSA(&foursB, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);                           \
            CSA(&eightsA, &fours, fours, foursA, foursB);                      \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 8),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 8));             \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 8, A1);                              \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 9),              \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 9));             \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 9, A2);                              \
            CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 10),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 10));            \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 10, A1);                             \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 11),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 11));            \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 11, A2);                             \
            CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            CSA(&foursA, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);                           \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 12),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 12));            \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 12, A1);                             \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 13),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 13));            \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 13, A2);                             \
            CSA(&twosA, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 14),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 14));            \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 14, A1);                             \
            A2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i + 15),             \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i + 15));            \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i + 15, A2);                             \
            CSA(&twosB, &ones, ones, A1, A2);                                  \
            CSA(&foursB, &twos, twos, twosA, twosB);                           \
            CSA(&eightsB, &fours, fours, foursA, foursB);                      \
            CSA(&sixteens, &eights, eights, eightsA, eightsB);                 \
            total = _mm256_add_epi64(total, popcount256(sixteens));            \
        }                                                                      \
        total = _mm256_slli_epi64(total, 4);                                   \
        total = _mm256_add_epi64(total,                                        \
                                 _mm256_slli_epi64(popcount256(eights), 3));   \
        total =                                                                \
            _mm256_add_epi64(total, _mm256_slli_epi64(popcount256(fours), 2)); \
        total =                                                                \
            _mm256_add_epi64(total, _mm256_slli_epi64(popcount256(twos), 1));  \
        total = _mm256_add_epi64(total, popcount256(ones));                    \
        for (; i < size; i++) {                                                \
            A1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm256_lddqu_si256(data1 + i),                  \
                               _mm256_lddqu_si256(data2 + i));                 \
            _mm256_storeu_si256(out + i, A1);                                  \
            total = _mm256_add_epi64(total, popcount256(A1));                  \
        }                                                                      \
        return (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 0)) +                    \
               (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 1)) +                    \
               (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 2)) +                    \
               (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(total, 3));                     \
    }

CROARING_TARGET_AVX2
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC(or, _mm256_or_si256)
CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2

CROARING_TARGET_AVX2
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC(union, _mm256_or_si256)
CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2

CROARING_TARGET_AVX2
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC(and, _mm256_and_si256)
CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2

CROARING_TARGET_AVX2
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC(intersection, _mm256_and_si256)
CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2

CROARING_TARGET_AVX2
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC(xor, _mm256_xor_si256)
CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2

CROARING_TARGET_AVX2
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC(andnot, _mm256_andnot_si256)
CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX2

#define VPOPCNT_AND_ADD(ptr, i, accu)                                  \
    const __m512i v##i = _mm512_loadu_si512((const __m512i *)ptr + i); \
    const __m512i p##i = _mm512_popcnt_epi64(v##i);                    \
    accu = _mm512_add_epi64(accu, p##i);

#if CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512
CROARING_TARGET_AVX512
static inline uint64_t sum_epu64_256(const __m256i v) {
    return (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(v, 0)) +
           (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(v, 1)) +
           (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(v, 2)) +
           (uint64_t)(_mm256_extract_epi64(v, 3));
}

static inline uint64_t simd_sum_epu64(const __m512i v) {
    __m256i lo = _mm512_extracti64x4_epi64(v, 0);
    __m256i hi = _mm512_extracti64x4_epi64(v, 1);

    return sum_epu64_256(lo) + sum_epu64_256(hi);
}

static inline uint64_t avx512_vpopcount(const __m512i *data,
                                        const uint64_t size) {
    const uint64_t limit = size - size % 4;
    __m512i total = _mm512_setzero_si512();
    uint64_t i = 0;

    for (; i < limit; i += 4) {
        VPOPCNT_AND_ADD(data + i, 0, total);
        VPOPCNT_AND_ADD(data + i, 1, total);
        VPOPCNT_AND_ADD(data + i, 2, total);
        VPOPCNT_AND_ADD(data + i, 3, total);
    }

    for (; i < size; i++) {
        total = _mm512_add_epi64(
            total, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(_mm512_loadu_si512(data + i)));
    }

    return simd_sum_epu64(total);
}
CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX512
#endif

#define CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC512(opname, avx_intrinsic)                       \
    static inline uint64_t avx512_harley_seal_popcount512_##opname(           \
        const __m512i *data1, const __m512i *data2, const uint64_t size) {    \
        __m512i total = _mm512_setzero_si512();                               \
        const uint64_t limit = size - size % 4;                               \
        uint64_t i = 0;                                                       \
        for (; i < limit; i += 4) {                                           \
            __m512i a1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm512_loadu_si512(data1 + i),         \
                                       _mm512_loadu_si512(data2 + i));        \
            total = _mm512_add_epi64(total, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(a1));         \
            __m512i a2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm512_loadu_si512(data1 + i + 1),     \
                                       _mm512_loadu_si512(data2 + i + 1));    \
            total = _mm512_add_epi64(total, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(a2));         \
            __m512i a3 = avx_intrinsic(_mm512_loadu_si512(data1 + i + 2),     \
                                       _mm512_loadu_si512(data2 + i + 2));    \
            total = _mm512_add_epi64(total, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(a3));         \
            __m512i a4 = avx_intrinsic(_mm512_loadu_si512(data1 + i + 3),     \
                                       _mm512_loadu_si512(data2 + i + 3));    \
            total = _mm512_add_epi64(total, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(a4));         \
        }                                                                     \
        for (; i < size; i++) {                                               \
            __m512i a = avx_intrinsic(_mm512_loadu_si512(data1 + i),          \
                                      _mm512_loadu_si512(data2 + i));         \
            total = _mm512_add_epi64(total, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(a));          \
        }                                                                     \
        return simd_sum_epu64(total);                                         \
    }                                                                         \
    static inline uint64_t avx512_harley_seal_popcount512andstore_##opname(   \
        const __m512i *__restrict__ data1, const __m512i *__restrict__ data2, \
        __m512i *__restrict__ out, const uint64_t size) {                     \
        __m512i total = _mm512_setzero_si512();                               \
        const uint64_t limit = size - size % 4;                               \
        uint64_t i = 0;                                                       \
        for (; i < limit; i += 4) {                                           \
            __m512i a1 = avx_intrinsic(_mm512_loadu_si512(data1 + i),         \
                                       _mm512_loadu_si512(data2 + i));        \
            _mm512_storeu_si512(out + i, a1);                                 \
            total = _mm512_add_epi64(total, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(a1));         \
            __m512i a2 = avx_intrinsic(_mm512_loadu_si512(data1 + i + 1),     \
                                       _mm512_loadu_si512(data2 + i + 1));    \
            _mm512_storeu_si512(out + i + 1, a2);                             \
            total = _mm512_add_epi64(total, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(a2));         \
            __m512i a3 = avx_intrinsic(_mm512_loadu_si512(data1 + i + 2),     \
                                       _mm512_loadu_si512(data2 + i + 2));    \
            _mm512_storeu_si512(out + i + 2, a3);                             \
            total = _mm512_add_epi64(total, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(a3));         \
            __m512i a4 = avx_intrinsic(_mm512_loadu_si512(data1 + i + 3),     \
                                       _mm512_loadu_si512(data2 + i + 3));    \
            _mm512_storeu_si512(out + i + 3, a4);                             \
            total = _mm512_add_epi64(total, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(a4));         \
        }                                                                     \
        for (; i < size; i++) {                                               \
            __m512i a = avx_intrinsic(_mm512_loadu_si512(data1 + i),          \
                                      _mm512_loadu_si512(data2 + i));         \
            _mm512_storeu_si512(out + i, a);                                  \
            total = _mm512_add_epi64(total, _mm512_popcnt_epi64(a));          \
        }                                                                     \
        return simd_sum_epu64(total);                                         \
    }

#if CROARING_COMPILER_SUPPORTS_AVX512
CROARING_TARGET_AVX512
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC512(or, _mm512_or_si512)
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC512(union, _mm512_or_si512)
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC512(and, _mm512_and_si512)
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC512(intersection, _mm512_and_si512)
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC512(xor, _mm512_xor_si512)
CROARING_AVXPOPCNTFNC512(andnot, _mm512_andnot_si512)
CROARING_UNTARGET_AVX512
#endif
/***
 * END Harley-Seal popcount functions.
 */

#endif  // CROARING_IS_X64

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal
#endif
#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
#endif
/* end file include/roaring/bitset_util.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/array.h */
/*
 * array.h
 *
 * Array containers store a sparse set of 16-bit integers as a sorted dynamic
 * array. The cardinality field tracks how many values are present, capacity
 * tracks the allocated length, and array points to the sorted values.
 *
 * This representation is used for low-cardinality containers because it is
 * compact and supports fast iteration and binary-search-based membership
 * tests. When the number of stored values grows beyond DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE,
 * CRoaring will typically switch to a denser container representation.
 */

#ifndef INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_ARRAY_H_
#define INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_ARRAY_H_

#include <string.h>


// Include other headers after roaring_types.h

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {

// Note: in pure C++ code, you should avoid putting `using` in header files
using api::roaring_iterator;
using api::roaring_iterator64;

namespace internal {
#endif

/* Containers with DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE or less integers should be arrays */
enum { DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE = 4096 };

/* struct array_container - sparse representation of a bitmap
 *
 * @cardinality: number of indices in `array` (and the bitmap)
 * @capacity:    allocated size of `array`
 * @array:       sorted list of integers
 */
STRUCT_CONTAINER(array_container_s) {
    int32_t cardinality;
    int32_t capacity;
    uint16_t *array;
};

typedef struct array_container_s array_container_t;

#define CAST_array(c) CAST(array_container_t *, c)  // safer downcast
#define const_CAST_array(c) CAST(const array_container_t *, c)
#define movable_CAST_array(c) movable_CAST(array_container_t **, c)

/* Create a new array with default. Return NULL in case of failure. See also
 * array_container_create_given_capacity. */
array_container_t *array_container_create(void);

/* Create a new array with a specified capacity size. Return NULL in case of
 * failure. */
array_container_t *array_container_create_given_capacity(int32_t size);

/* Create a new array containing all values in [min,max). */
array_container_t *array_container_create_range(uint32_t min, uint32_t max);

/*
 * Shrink the capacity to the actual size, return the number of bytes saved.
 */
int array_container_shrink_to_fit(array_container_t *src);

/* Free memory owned by `array'. */
void array_container_free(array_container_t *array);

/* Duplicate container */
array_container_t *array_container_clone(const array_container_t *src);

/* Get the cardinality of `array'. */
CROARING_ALLOW_UNALIGNED
static inline int array_container_cardinality(const array_container_t *array) {
    return array->cardinality;
}

static inline bool array_container_nonzero_cardinality(
    const array_container_t *array) {
    return array->cardinality > 0;
}

/* Copy one container into another. We assume that they are distinct. */
void array_container_copy(const array_container_t *src, array_container_t *dst);

/*  Add all the values in [min,max) (included) at a distance k*step from min.
    The container must have a size less or equal to DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE after this
   addition. */
void array_container_add_from_range(array_container_t *arr, uint32_t min,
                                    uint32_t max, uint16_t step);

static inline bool array_container_empty(const array_container_t *array) {
    return array->cardinality == 0;
}

/* check whether the cardinality is equal to the capacity (this does not mean
 * that it contains 1<<16 elements) */
static inline bool array_container_full(const array_container_t *array) {
    return array->cardinality == array->capacity;
}

/* Compute the union of `src_1' and `src_2' and write the result to `dst'
 * It is assumed that `dst' is distinct from both `src_1' and `src_2'. */
void array_container_union(const array_container_t *src_1,
                           const array_container_t *src_2,
                           array_container_t *dst);

/* symmetric difference, see array_container_union */
void array_container_xor(const array_container_t *array_1,
                         const array_container_t *array_2,
                         array_container_t *out);

/* Computes the intersection of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. It is assumed that dst is distinct from both src_1 and src_2. */
void array_container_intersection(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                  const array_container_t *src_2,
                                  array_container_t *dst);

/* Check whether src_1 and src_2 intersect. */
bool array_container_intersect(const array_container_t *src_1,
                               const array_container_t *src_2);

/* computers the size of the intersection between two arrays.
 */
int array_container_intersection_cardinality(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                             const array_container_t *src_2);

/* computes the intersection of array1 and array2 and write the result to
 * array1.
 * */
void array_container_intersection_inplace(array_container_t *src_1,
                                          const array_container_t *src_2);

/*
 * Write out the 16-bit integers contained in this container as a list of 32-bit
 * integers using base
 * as the starting value (it might be expected that base has zeros in its 16
 * least significant bits).
 * The function returns the number of values written.
 * The caller is responsible for allocating enough memory in out.
 */
int array_container_to_uint32_array(void *vout, const array_container_t *cont,
                                    uint32_t base);

/* Compute the number of runs */
int32_t array_container_number_of_runs(const array_container_t *ac);

/*
 * Print this container using printf (useful for debugging).
 */
void array_container_printf(const array_container_t *v);

/*
 * Print this container using printf as a comma-separated list of 32-bit
 * integers starting at base.
 */
void array_container_printf_as_uint32_array(const array_container_t *v,
                                            uint32_t base);

bool array_container_validate(const array_container_t *v, const char **reason);

/**
 * Return the serialized size in bytes of a container having cardinality "card".
 */
static inline int32_t array_container_serialized_size_in_bytes(int32_t card) {
    return card * sizeof(uint16_t);
}

/**
 * Increase capacity to at least min.
 * Whether the existing data needs to be copied over depends on the "preserve"
 * parameter. If preserve is false, then the new content will be uninitialized,
 * otherwise the old content is copied.
 */
void array_container_grow(array_container_t *container, int32_t min,
                          bool preserve);

bool array_container_iterate(const array_container_t *cont, uint32_t base,
                             roaring_iterator iterator, void *ptr);
bool array_container_iterate64(const array_container_t *cont, uint32_t base,
                               roaring_iterator64 iterator, uint64_t high_bits,
                               void *ptr);

/**
 * Writes the underlying array to buf, outputs how many bytes were written.
 * This is meant to be byte-by-byte compatible with the Java and Go versions of
 * Roaring.
 * The number of bytes written should be
 * array_container_size_in_bytes(container).
 *
 */
int32_t array_container_write(const array_container_t *container, char *buf);
/**
 * Reads the instance from buf, outputs how many bytes were read.
 * This is meant to be byte-by-byte compatible with the Java and Go versions of
 * Roaring.
 * The number of bytes read should be array_container_size_in_bytes(container).
 * You need to provide the (known) cardinality.
 */
int32_t array_container_read(int32_t cardinality, array_container_t *container,
                             const char *buf);

/**
 * Return the serialized size in bytes of a container (see
 * bitset_container_write)
 * This is meant to be compatible with the Java and Go versions of Roaring and
 * assumes
 * that the cardinality of the container is already known.
 *
 */
CROARING_ALLOW_UNALIGNED
static inline int32_t array_container_size_in_bytes(
    const array_container_t *container) {
    return container->cardinality * sizeof(uint16_t);
}

/**
 * Return true if the two arrays have the same content.
 */
CROARING_ALLOW_UNALIGNED
static inline bool array_container_equals(const array_container_t *container1,
                                          const array_container_t *container2) {
    if (container1->cardinality != container2->cardinality) {
        return false;
    }
    return memequals(container1->array, container2->array,
                     container1->cardinality * 2);
}

/**
 * Return true if container1 is a subset of container2.
 */
bool array_container_is_subset(const array_container_t *container1,
                               const array_container_t *container2);

/**
 * If the element of given rank is in this container, supposing that the first
 * element has rank start_rank, then the function returns true and sets element
 * accordingly.
 * Otherwise, it returns false and update start_rank.
 */
static inline bool array_container_select(const array_container_t *container,
                                          uint32_t *start_rank, uint32_t rank,
                                          uint32_t *element) {
    int card = array_container_cardinality(container);
    if (*start_rank + card <= rank) {
        *start_rank += card;
        return false;
    } else {
        *element = container->array[rank - *start_rank];
        return true;
    }
}

/* Computes the  difference of array1 and array2 and write the result
 * to array out.
 * Array out does not need to be distinct from array_1
 */
void array_container_andnot(const array_container_t *array_1,
                            const array_container_t *array_2,
                            array_container_t *out);

/* Append x to the set. Assumes that the value is larger than any preceding
 * values.  */
static inline void array_container_append(array_container_t *arr,
                                          uint16_t pos) {
    const int32_t capacity = arr->capacity;

    if (array_container_full(arr)) {
        array_container_grow(arr, capacity + 1, true);
    }

    arr->array[arr->cardinality++] = pos;
}

/**
 * Add value to the set if final cardinality doesn't exceed max_cardinality.
 * Return code:
 * 1  -- value was added
 * 0  -- value was already present
 * -1 -- value was not added because cardinality would exceed max_cardinality
 */
static inline int array_container_try_add(array_container_t *arr,
                                          uint16_t value,
                                          int32_t max_cardinality) {
    const int32_t cardinality = arr->cardinality;

    // best case, we can append.
    if ((array_container_empty(arr) || arr->array[cardinality - 1] < value) &&
        cardinality < max_cardinality) {
        array_container_append(arr, value);
        return 1;
    }

    const int32_t loc = binarySearch(arr->array, cardinality, value);

    if (loc >= 0) {
        return 0;
    } else if (cardinality < max_cardinality) {
        if (array_container_full(arr)) {
            array_container_grow(arr, arr->capacity + 1, true);
        }
        const int32_t insert_idx = -loc - 1;
        memmove(arr->array + insert_idx + 1, arr->array + insert_idx,
                (cardinality - insert_idx) * sizeof(uint16_t));
        arr->array[insert_idx] = value;
        arr->cardinality++;
        return 1;
    } else {
        return -1;
    }
}

/* Add value to the set. Returns true if x was not already present.  */
static inline bool array_container_add(array_container_t *arr, uint16_t value) {
    return array_container_try_add(arr, value, INT32_MAX) == 1;
}

/* Remove x from the set. Returns true if x was present.  */
static inline bool array_container_remove(array_container_t *arr,
                                          uint16_t pos) {
    const int32_t idx = binarySearch(arr->array, arr->cardinality, pos);
    const bool is_present = idx >= 0;
    if (is_present) {
        memmove(arr->array + idx, arr->array + idx + 1,
                (arr->cardinality - idx - 1) * sizeof(uint16_t));
        arr->cardinality--;
    }

    return is_present;
}

/* Check whether x is present.  */
inline bool array_container_contains(const array_container_t *arr,
                                     uint16_t pos) {
    /**
     * SIMD Quad algorithm
     * Daniel Lemire, "You can beat the binary search," in Daniel Lemire's blog,
     *  April 27, 2026,
     * https://lemire.me/blog/2026/04/27/you-can-beat-the-binary-search/.
     */
    const int32_t gap = 16;
    const uint16_t *carr = arr->array;
    int32_t cardinality = arr->cardinality;
    if (cardinality < gap) {
        for (int32_t j = 0; j < cardinality; j++) {
            if (carr[j] >= pos) return carr[j] == pos;
        }
        return false;
    }
    int32_t num_blocks = cardinality / gap;
    int32_t base = 0;
    int32_t n = num_blocks;
    while (n > 3) {
        int32_t quarter = n >> 2;

        int32_t k1 = carr[(base + quarter + 1) * gap - 1];
        int32_t k2 = carr[(base + 2 * quarter + 1) * gap - 1];
        int32_t k3 = carr[(base + 3 * quarter + 1) * gap - 1];

        int32_t c1 = (k1 < pos);
        int32_t c2 = (k2 < pos);
        int32_t c3 = (k3 < pos);

        base += (c1 + c2 + c3) * quarter;
        n -= 3 * quarter;
    }
    while (n > 1) {
        int32_t half = n >> 1;
        base = (carr[(base + half + 1) * gap - 1] < pos) ? base + half : base;
        n -= half;
    }
    int32_t lo = (carr[(base + 1) * gap - 1] < pos) ? base + 1 : base;

    if (lo < num_blocks) {
        const uint16_t *blk = carr + lo * gap;
#ifdef CROARING_USENEON
        uint16x8_t needle = vdupq_n_u16(pos);
        uint16x8_t v0 = vld1q_u16(blk);
        uint16x8_t v1 = vld1q_u16(blk + 8);
        uint16x8_t hit =
            vorrq_u16(vceqq_u16(v0, needle), vceqq_u16(v1, needle));
        return vmaxvq_u16(hit) != 0;
#elif defined(CROARING_IS_X64)
        __m128i needle = _mm_set1_epi16((short)pos);
        __m128i v0 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)blk);
        __m128i v1 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)(blk + 8));
        __m128i hit = _mm_or_si128(_mm_cmpeq_epi16(v0, needle),
                                   _mm_cmpeq_epi16(v1, needle));
        return _mm_movemask_epi8(hit) != 0;
#else
        for (int32_t j = 0; j < gap; j++) {
            if (blk[j] >= pos) return blk[j] == pos;
        }
        return false;
#endif
    }

    for (int32_t j = num_blocks * gap; j < cardinality; j++) {
        uint16_t v = carr[j];
        if (v >= pos) return (v == pos);
    }
    return false;
}

void array_container_offset(const array_container_t *c, container_t **loc,
                            container_t **hic, uint16_t offset);

//* Check whether a range of values from range_start (included) to range_end
//(excluded) is present. */
static inline bool array_container_contains_range(const array_container_t *arr,
                                                  uint32_t range_start,
                                                  uint32_t range_end) {
    const int32_t range_count = range_end - range_start;
    const uint16_t rs_included = (uint16_t)range_start;
    const uint16_t re_included = (uint16_t)(range_end - 1);

    // Empty range is always included
    if (range_count <= 0) {
        return true;
    }
    if (range_count > arr->cardinality) {
        return false;
    }

    const int32_t start =
        binarySearch(arr->array, arr->cardinality, rs_included);
    // If this sorted array contains all items in the range:
    // * the start item must be found
    // * the last item in range range_count must exist, and be the expected end
    // value
    return (start >= 0) && (arr->cardinality >= start + range_count) &&
           (arr->array[start + range_count - 1] == re_included);
}

/* Returns the smallest value (assumes not empty) */
inline uint16_t array_container_minimum(const array_container_t *arr) {
    if (arr->cardinality == 0) return 0;
    return arr->array[0];
}

/* Returns the largest value (assumes not empty) */
inline uint16_t array_container_maximum(const array_container_t *arr) {
    if (arr->cardinality == 0) return 0;
    return arr->array[arr->cardinality - 1];
}

/* Returns the number of values equal or smaller than x */
inline int array_container_rank(const array_container_t *arr, uint16_t x) {
    const int32_t idx = binarySearch(arr->array, arr->cardinality, x);
    const bool is_present = idx >= 0;
    if (is_present) {
        return idx + 1;
    } else {
        return -idx - 1;
    }
}

/*  bulk version of array_container_rank(); return number of consumed elements
 */
inline uint32_t array_container_rank_many(const array_container_t *arr,
                                          uint64_t start_rank,
                                          const uint32_t *begin,
                                          const uint32_t *end, uint64_t *ans) {
    const uint16_t high = (uint16_t)((*begin) >> 16);
    uint32_t pos = 0;
    const uint32_t *iter = begin;
    for (; iter != end; iter++) {
        uint32_t x = *iter;
        uint16_t xhigh = (uint16_t)(x >> 16);
        if (xhigh != high) return iter - begin;  // stop at next container

        const int32_t idx =
            binarySearch(arr->array + pos, arr->cardinality - pos, (uint16_t)x);
        const bool is_present = idx >= 0;
        if (is_present) {
            *(ans++) = start_rank + pos + (idx + 1);
            pos = idx + 1;
        } else {
            *(ans++) = start_rank + pos + (-idx - 1);
        }
    }
    return iter - begin;
}

/* Returns the index of x , if not exsist return -1 */
inline int array_container_get_index(const array_container_t *arr, uint16_t x) {
    const int32_t idx = binarySearch(arr->array, arr->cardinality, x);
    const bool is_present = idx >= 0;
    if (is_present) {
        return idx;
    } else {
        return -1;
    }
}

/* Returns the index of the first value equal or larger than x, or -1 */
inline int array_container_index_equalorlarger(const array_container_t *arr,
                                               uint16_t x) {
    const int32_t idx = binarySearch(arr->array, arr->cardinality, x);
    const bool is_present = idx >= 0;
    if (is_present) {
        return idx;
    } else {
        int32_t candidate = -idx - 1;
        if (candidate < arr->cardinality) return candidate;
        return -1;
    }
}

/*
 * Adds all values in range [min,max] using hint:
 *   nvals_less is the number of array values less than $min
 *   nvals_greater is the number of array values greater than $max
 */
static inline void array_container_add_range_nvals(array_container_t *array,
                                                   uint32_t min, uint32_t max,
                                                   int32_t nvals_less,
                                                   int32_t nvals_greater) {
    int32_t union_cardinality = nvals_less + (max - min + 1) + nvals_greater;
    if (union_cardinality > array->capacity) {
        array_container_grow(array, union_cardinality, true);
    }
    memmove(&(array->array[union_cardinality - nvals_greater]),
            &(array->array[array->cardinality - nvals_greater]),
            nvals_greater * sizeof(uint16_t));
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= max - min; i++) {
        array->array[nvals_less + i] = (uint16_t)(min + i);
    }
    array->cardinality = union_cardinality;
}

/**
 * Adds all values in range [min,max]. This function is currently unused
 * and left as a documentation.
 */
/*static inline void array_container_add_range(array_container_t *array,
                                             uint32_t min, uint32_t max) {
    int32_t nvals_greater = count_greater(array->array, array->cardinality,
max); int32_t nvals_less = count_less(array->array, array->cardinality -
nvals_greater, min); array_container_add_range_nvals(array, min, max,
nvals_less, nvals_greater);
}*/

/*
 * Removes all elements array[pos] .. array[pos+count-1]
 */
static inline void array_container_remove_range(array_container_t *array,
                                                uint32_t pos, uint32_t count) {
    if (count != 0) {
        memmove(&(array->array[pos]), &(array->array[pos + count]),
                (array->cardinality - pos - count) * sizeof(uint16_t));
        array->cardinality -= count;
    }
}

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif /* INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_ARRAY_H_ */
/* end file include/roaring/containers/array.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/bitset.h */
/*
 * bitset.h
 *
 * Bitset containers store a set of 16-bit integers as a fixed-size bitmap.
 * The words pointer references an array of 64-bit words covering the full
 * 16-bit domain, with one bit per possible value. The cardinality field tracks
 * the number of set bits; when it is BITSET_UNKNOWN_CARDINALITY, the count must
 * be recomputed from the bitmap contents.
 *
 * This representation is used for denser containers because membership tests,
 * set operations, and sequential scans can be implemented efficiently with
 * word-level bitwise operations.
 */

#ifndef INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_BITSET_H_
#define INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_BITSET_H_

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>


// Include other headers after roaring_types.h

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {

// Note: in pure C++ code, you should avoid putting `using` in header files
using api::roaring_iterator;
using api::roaring_iterator64;

namespace internal {
#endif

enum {
    BITSET_CONTAINER_SIZE_IN_WORDS = (1 << 16) / 64,
    BITSET_UNKNOWN_CARDINALITY = -1
};

STRUCT_CONTAINER(bitset_container_s) {
    int32_t cardinality;
    uint64_t *words;
};

typedef struct bitset_container_s bitset_container_t;

#define CAST_bitset(c) CAST(bitset_container_t *, c)  // safer downcast
#define const_CAST_bitset(c) CAST(const bitset_container_t *, c)
#define movable_CAST_bitset(c) movable_CAST(bitset_container_t **, c)

/* Create a new bitset. Return NULL in case of failure. */
bitset_container_t *bitset_container_create(void);

/* Create a bitset without zeroing the words. Caller must overwrite `words`
 * before the container is used. Return NULL in case of failure. */
bitset_container_t *bitset_container_create_uninitialized(void);

/* Free memory. */
void bitset_container_free(bitset_container_t *bitset);

/* Clear bitset (sets bits to 0). */
void bitset_container_clear(bitset_container_t *bitset);

/* Set all bits to 1. */
void bitset_container_set_all(bitset_container_t *bitset);

/* Duplicate bitset */
bitset_container_t *bitset_container_clone(const bitset_container_t *src);

/* Set the bit in [begin,end). WARNING: as of April 2016, this method is slow
 * and
 * should not be used in performance-sensitive code. Ever.  */
void bitset_container_set_range(bitset_container_t *bitset, uint32_t begin,
                                uint32_t end);

#if defined(CROARING_ASMBITMANIPOPTIMIZATION) && defined(__AVX2__)
/* Set the ith bit.  */
static inline void bitset_container_set(bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                        uint16_t pos) {
    uint64_t shift = 6;
    uint64_t offset;
    uint64_t p = pos;
    ASM_SHIFT_RIGHT(p, shift, offset);
    uint64_t load = bitset->words[offset];
    ASM_SET_BIT_INC_WAS_CLEAR(load, p, bitset->cardinality);
    bitset->words[offset] = load;
}

/* Unset the ith bit. Currently unused. Could be used for optimization. */
/*static inline void bitset_container_unset(bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                          uint16_t pos) {
    uint64_t shift = 6;
    uint64_t offset;
    uint64_t p = pos;
    ASM_SHIFT_RIGHT(p, shift, offset);
    uint64_t load = bitset->words[offset];
    ASM_CLEAR_BIT_DEC_WAS_SET(load, p, bitset->cardinality);
    bitset->words[offset] = load;
}*/

/* Add `pos' to `bitset'. Returns true if `pos' was not present. Might be slower
 * than bitset_container_set.  */
static inline bool bitset_container_add(bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                        uint16_t pos) {
    uint64_t shift = 6;
    uint64_t offset;
    uint64_t p = pos;
    ASM_SHIFT_RIGHT(p, shift, offset);
    uint64_t load = bitset->words[offset];
    // could be possibly slightly further optimized
    const int32_t oldcard = bitset->cardinality;
    ASM_SET_BIT_INC_WAS_CLEAR(load, p, bitset->cardinality);
    bitset->words[offset] = load;
    return bitset->cardinality - oldcard;
}

/* Remove `pos' from `bitset'. Returns true if `pos' was present.  Might be
 * slower than bitset_container_unset.  */
static inline bool bitset_container_remove(bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                           uint16_t pos) {
    uint64_t shift = 6;
    uint64_t offset;
    uint64_t p = pos;
    ASM_SHIFT_RIGHT(p, shift, offset);
    uint64_t load = bitset->words[offset];
    // could be possibly slightly further optimized
    const int32_t oldcard = bitset->cardinality;
    ASM_CLEAR_BIT_DEC_WAS_SET(load, p, bitset->cardinality);
    bitset->words[offset] = load;
    return oldcard - bitset->cardinality;
}

/* Get the value of the ith bit.  */
inline bool bitset_container_get(const bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                 uint16_t pos) {
    uint64_t word = bitset->words[pos >> 6];
    const uint64_t p = pos;
    ASM_INPLACESHIFT_RIGHT(word, p);
    return word & 1;
}

#else

/* Set the ith bit.  */
static inline void bitset_container_set(bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                        uint16_t pos) {
    const uint64_t old_word = bitset->words[pos >> 6];
    const int index = pos & 63;
    const uint64_t new_word = old_word | (UINT64_C(1) << index);
    bitset->cardinality += (uint32_t)((old_word ^ new_word) >> index);
    bitset->words[pos >> 6] = new_word;
}

/* Unset the ith bit. Currently unused.  */
/*static inline void bitset_container_unset(bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                          uint16_t pos) {
    const uint64_t old_word = bitset->words[pos >> 6];
    const int index = pos & 63;
    const uint64_t new_word = old_word & (~(UINT64_C(1) << index));
    bitset->cardinality -= (uint32_t)((old_word ^ new_word) >> index);
    bitset->words[pos >> 6] = new_word;
}*/

/* Add `pos' to `bitset'. Returns true if `pos' was not present. Might be slower
 * than bitset_container_set.  */
static inline bool bitset_container_add(bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                        uint16_t pos) {
    const uint64_t old_word = bitset->words[pos >> 6];
    const int index = pos & 63;
    const uint64_t new_word = old_word | (UINT64_C(1) << index);
    const uint64_t increment = (old_word ^ new_word) >> index;
    bitset->cardinality += (uint32_t)increment;
    bitset->words[pos >> 6] = new_word;
    return increment > 0;
}

/* Remove `pos' from `bitset'. Returns true if `pos' was present.  Might be
 * slower than bitset_container_unset.  */
static inline bool bitset_container_remove(bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                           uint16_t pos) {
    const uint64_t old_word = bitset->words[pos >> 6];
    const int index = pos & 63;
    const uint64_t new_word = old_word & (~(UINT64_C(1) << index));
    const uint64_t increment = (old_word ^ new_word) >> index;
    bitset->cardinality -= (uint32_t)increment;
    bitset->words[pos >> 6] = new_word;
    return increment > 0;
}

/* Get the value of the ith bit.  */
inline bool bitset_container_get(const bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                 uint16_t pos) {
    const uint64_t word = bitset->words[pos >> 6];
    return (word >> (pos & 63)) & 1;
}

#endif

/*
 * Check if all bits are set in a range of positions from pos_start (included)
 * to pos_end (excluded).
 */
static inline bool bitset_container_get_range(const bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                              uint32_t pos_start,
                                              uint32_t pos_end) {
    const uint32_t start = pos_start >> 6;
    const uint32_t end = pos_end >> 6;

    const uint64_t first = ~((1ULL << (pos_start & 0x3F)) - 1);
    const uint64_t last = (1ULL << (pos_end & 0x3F)) - 1;

    if (start == end)
        return ((bitset->words[end] & first & last) == (first & last));
    if ((bitset->words[start] & first) != first) return false;

    if ((end < BITSET_CONTAINER_SIZE_IN_WORDS) &&
        ((bitset->words[end] & last) != last)) {
        return false;
    }

    for (uint32_t i = start + 1;
         (i < BITSET_CONTAINER_SIZE_IN_WORDS) && (i < end); ++i) {
        if (bitset->words[i] != UINT64_C(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)) return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/* Check whether `bitset' is present in `array'.  Calls bitset_container_get. */
inline bool bitset_container_contains(const bitset_container_t *bitset,
                                      uint16_t pos) {
    return bitset_container_get(bitset, pos);
}

/*
 * Check whether a range of bits from position `pos_start' (included) to
 * `pos_end' (excluded) is present in `bitset'.  Calls bitset_container_get_all.
 */
static inline bool bitset_container_contains_range(
    const bitset_container_t *bitset, uint32_t pos_start, uint32_t pos_end) {
    return bitset_container_get_range(bitset, pos_start, pos_end);
}

/* Get the number of bits set */
CROARING_ALLOW_UNALIGNED
static inline int bitset_container_cardinality(
    const bitset_container_t *bitset) {
    return bitset->cardinality;
}

/* Copy one container into another. We assume that they are distinct. */
void bitset_container_copy(const bitset_container_t *source,
                           bitset_container_t *dest);

/*  Add all the values [min,max) at a distance k*step from min: min,
 * min+step,.... */
void bitset_container_add_from_range(bitset_container_t *bitset, uint32_t min,
                                     uint32_t max, uint16_t step);

/* Get the number of bits set (force computation). This does not modify bitset.
 * To update the cardinality, you should do
 * bitset->cardinality =  bitset_container_compute_cardinality(bitset).*/
int bitset_container_compute_cardinality(const bitset_container_t *bitset);

/* Check whether this bitset is empty,
 *  it never modifies the bitset struct. */
static inline bool bitset_container_empty(const bitset_container_t *bitset) {
    if (bitset->cardinality == BITSET_UNKNOWN_CARDINALITY) {
        for (int i = 0; i < BITSET_CONTAINER_SIZE_IN_WORDS; i++) {
            if ((bitset->words[i]) != 0) return false;
        }
        return true;
    }
    return bitset->cardinality == 0;
}

/* Get whether there is at least one bit set  (see bitset_container_empty for
   the reverse), the bitset is never modified */
static inline bool bitset_container_const_nonzero_cardinality(
    const bitset_container_t *bitset) {
    return !bitset_container_empty(bitset);
}

/*
 * Check whether the two bitsets intersect
 */
bool bitset_container_intersect(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/* Computes the union of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst'  and return the
 * cardinality. */
int bitset_container_or(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                        const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                        bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Computes the union of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' and return the cardinality.
 */
int bitset_container_or_justcard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                 const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/* Computes the union of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst' and return the
 * cardinality. Same as bitset_container_or. */
int bitset_container_union(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                           const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                           bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Computes the union of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2'  and return the
 * cardinality. Same as bitset_container_or_justcard. */
int bitset_container_union_justcard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                    const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/* Computes the union of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst', but does
 * not update the cardinality. Provided to optimize chained operations. */
int bitset_container_union_nocard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                  const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                  bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Computes the union of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst', but does not
 * update the cardinality. Provided to optimize chained operations. */
int bitset_container_or_nocard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                               const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                               bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Computes the intersection of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst' and
 * return the cardinality. */
int bitset_container_and(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                         const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                         bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Computes the intersection of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2'  and return the
 * cardinality. */
int bitset_container_and_justcard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                  const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/* Computes the intersection of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst' and
 * return the cardinality. Same as bitset_container_and. */
int bitset_container_intersection(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                  const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                  bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Computes the intersection of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' and return the
 * cardinality. Same as bitset_container_and_justcard. */
int bitset_container_intersection_justcard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                           const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/* Computes the intersection of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst', but does
 * not update the cardinality. Provided to optimize chained operations. */
int bitset_container_intersection_nocard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                         const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                         bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Computes the intersection of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst', but does
 * not update the cardinality. Provided to optimize chained operations. */
int bitset_container_and_nocard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Computes the exclusive or of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst' and
 * return the cardinality. */
int bitset_container_xor(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                         const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                         bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Computes the exclusive or of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' and return the
 * cardinality. */
int bitset_container_xor_justcard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                  const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/* Computes the exclusive or of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst', but does
 * not update the cardinality. Provided to optimize chained operations. */
int bitset_container_xor_nocard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Computes the and not of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst' and return the
 * cardinality. */
int bitset_container_andnot(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                            const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                            bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Computes the and not of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2'  and return the
 * cardinality. */
int bitset_container_andnot_justcard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                     const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/* Computes the and not or of bitsets `src_1' and `src_2' into `dst', but does
 * not update the cardinality. Provided to optimize chained operations. */
int bitset_container_andnot_nocard(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                   const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                   bitset_container_t *dst);

void bitset_container_offset(const bitset_container_t *c, container_t **loc,
                             container_t **hic, uint16_t offset);
/*
 * Write out the 16-bit integers contained in this container as a list of 32-bit
 * integers using base
 * as the starting value (it might be expected that base has zeros in its 16
 * least significant bits).
 * The function returns the number of values written.
 * The caller is responsible for allocating enough memory in out.
 * The out pointer should point to enough memory (the cardinality times 32
 * bits).
 */
int bitset_container_to_uint32_array(uint32_t *out,
                                     const bitset_container_t *bc,
                                     uint32_t base);

/*
 * Print this container using printf (useful for debugging).
 */
void bitset_container_printf(const bitset_container_t *v);

/*
 * Print this container using printf as a comma-separated list of 32-bit
 * integers starting at base.
 */
void bitset_container_printf_as_uint32_array(const bitset_container_t *v,
                                             uint32_t base);

bool bitset_container_validate(const bitset_container_t *v,
                               const char **reason);

/**
 * Return the serialized size in bytes of a container.
 */
static inline int32_t bitset_container_serialized_size_in_bytes(void) {
    return BITSET_CONTAINER_SIZE_IN_WORDS * 8;
}

/**
 * Return the the number of runs.
 */
int bitset_container_number_of_runs(bitset_container_t *bc);

bool bitset_container_iterate(const bitset_container_t *cont, uint32_t base,
                              roaring_iterator iterator, void *ptr);
bool bitset_container_iterate64(const bitset_container_t *cont, uint32_t base,
                                roaring_iterator64 iterator, uint64_t high_bits,
                                void *ptr);

/**
 * Writes the underlying array to buf, outputs how many bytes were written.
 * This is meant to be byte-by-byte compatible with the Java and Go versions of
 * Roaring.
 * The number of bytes written should be
 * bitset_container_size_in_bytes(container).
 */
int32_t bitset_container_write(const bitset_container_t *container, char *buf);

/**
 * Reads the instance from buf, outputs how many bytes were read.
 * This is meant to be byte-by-byte compatible with the Java and Go versions of
 * Roaring.
 * The number of bytes read should be bitset_container_size_in_bytes(container).
 * You need to provide the (known) cardinality.
 */
int32_t bitset_container_read(int32_t cardinality,
                              bitset_container_t *container, const char *buf);
/**
 * Return the serialized size in bytes of a container (see
 * bitset_container_write).
 * This is meant to be compatible with the Java and Go versions of Roaring and
 * assumes
 * that the cardinality of the container is already known or can be computed.
 */
static inline int32_t bitset_container_size_in_bytes(
    const bitset_container_t *container) {
    (void)container;
    return BITSET_CONTAINER_SIZE_IN_WORDS * sizeof(uint64_t);
}

/**
 * Return true if the two containers have the same content.
 */
bool bitset_container_equals(const bitset_container_t *container1,
                             const bitset_container_t *container2);

/**
 * Return true if container1 is a subset of container2.
 */
bool bitset_container_is_subset(const bitset_container_t *container1,
                                const bitset_container_t *container2);

/**
 * If the element of given rank is in this container, supposing that the first
 * element has rank start_rank, then the function returns true and sets element
 * accordingly.
 * Otherwise, it returns false and update start_rank.
 */
bool bitset_container_select(const bitset_container_t *container,
                             uint32_t *start_rank, uint32_t rank,
                             uint32_t *element);

/* Returns the smallest value (assumes not empty) */
uint16_t bitset_container_minimum(const bitset_container_t *container);

/* Returns the largest value (assumes not empty) */
uint16_t bitset_container_maximum(const bitset_container_t *container);

/* Returns the number of values equal or smaller than x */
int bitset_container_rank(const bitset_container_t *container, uint16_t x);

/* bulk version of bitset_container_rank(); return number of consumed elements
 */
uint32_t bitset_container_rank_many(const bitset_container_t *container,
                                    uint64_t start_rank, const uint32_t *begin,
                                    const uint32_t *end, uint64_t *ans);

/* Returns the index of x , if not exsist return -1 */
int bitset_container_get_index(const bitset_container_t *container, uint16_t x);

/* Returns the index of the first value equal or larger than x, or -1 */
int bitset_container_index_equalorlarger(const bitset_container_t *container,
                                         uint16_t x);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif /* INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_BITSET_H_ */
/* end file include/roaring/containers/bitset.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/run.h */
/*
 * run.h
 *
 * Run containers store a set of 16-bit integers as a sorted array of
 * non-overlapping runs. Each run is represented by a starting value and a
 * length, encoding one contiguous interval of present integers.
 *
 * This representation is effective when the data contains long consecutive
 * ranges because it compresses many adjacent values into a small number of
 * run records while still supporting search and set operations over the
 * interval list.
 */

#ifndef INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_RUN_H_
#define INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_RUN_H_


// Include other headers after roaring_types.h
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {

// Note: in pure C++ code, you should avoid putting `using` in header files
using api::roaring_iterator;
using api::roaring_iterator64;

namespace internal {
#endif

/* struct rle16_s - run length pair
 *
 * @value:  start position of the run
 * @length: length of the run is `length + 1`
 *
 * An RLE pair {v, l} would represent the integers between the interval
 * [v, v+l+1], e.g. {3, 2} = [3, 4, 5].
 */
struct rle16_s {
    uint16_t value;
    uint16_t length;
};

typedef struct rle16_s rle16_t;

#ifdef __cplusplus
#define CROARING_MAKE_RLE16(val, len) \
    { (uint16_t)(val), (uint16_t)(len) }  // no tagged structs until c++20
#else
#define CROARING_MAKE_RLE16(val, len) \
    (rle16_t) { .value = (uint16_t)(val), .length = (uint16_t)(len) }
#endif

/* struct run_container_s - run container bitmap
 *
 * @n_runs:   number of rle_t pairs in `runs`.
 * @capacity: capacity in rle_t pairs `runs` can hold.
 * @runs:     pairs of rle_t.
 */
STRUCT_CONTAINER(run_container_s) {
    int32_t n_runs;
    int32_t capacity;
    rle16_t *runs;
};

typedef struct run_container_s run_container_t;

#define CAST_run(c) CAST(run_container_t *, c)  // safer downcast
#define const_CAST_run(c) CAST(const run_container_t *, c)
#define movable_CAST_run(c) movable_CAST(run_container_t **, c)

/* Create a new run container. Return NULL in case of failure. */
run_container_t *run_container_create(void);

/* Create a new run container with given capacity. Return NULL in case of
 * failure. */
run_container_t *run_container_create_given_capacity(int32_t size);

/*
 * Shrink the capacity to the actual size, return the number of bytes saved.
 */
int run_container_shrink_to_fit(run_container_t *src);

/* Free memory owned by `run'. */
void run_container_free(run_container_t *run);

/* Duplicate container */
run_container_t *run_container_clone(const run_container_t *src);

/*
 * Effectively deletes the value at index index, repacking data.
 */
static inline void recoverRoomAtIndex(run_container_t *run, uint16_t index) {
    memmove(run->runs + index, run->runs + (1 + index),
            (run->n_runs - index - 1) * sizeof(rle16_t));
    run->n_runs--;
}

/**
 * Good old binary search through rle data
 */
inline int32_t interleavedBinarySearch(const rle16_t *array, int32_t lenarray,
                                       uint16_t ikey) {
    int32_t low = 0;
    int32_t high = lenarray - 1;
    while (low <= high) {
        int32_t middleIndex = (low + high) >> 1;
        uint16_t middleValue = array[middleIndex].value;
        if (middleValue < ikey) {
            low = middleIndex + 1;
        } else if (middleValue > ikey) {
            high = middleIndex - 1;
        } else {
            return middleIndex;
        }
    }
    return -(low + 1);
}

/*
 * Returns index of the run which contains $ikey
 */
static inline int32_t rle16_find_run(const rle16_t *array, int32_t lenarray,
                                     uint16_t ikey) {
    int32_t low = 0;
    int32_t high = lenarray - 1;
    while (low <= high) {
        int32_t middleIndex = (low + high) >> 1;
        uint16_t min = array[middleIndex].value;
        uint16_t max = array[middleIndex].value + array[middleIndex].length;
        if (ikey > max) {
            low = middleIndex + 1;
        } else if (ikey < min) {
            high = middleIndex - 1;
        } else {
            return middleIndex;
        }
    }
    return -(low + 1);
}

/**
 * Returns number of runs which can'be be merged with the key because they
 * are less than the key.
 * Note that [5,6,7,8] can be merged with the key 9 and won't be counted.
 */
static inline int32_t rle16_count_less(const rle16_t *array, int32_t lenarray,
                                       uint16_t key) {
    if (lenarray == 0) return 0;
    int32_t low = 0;
    int32_t high = lenarray - 1;
    while (low <= high) {
        int32_t middleIndex = (low + high) >> 1;
        uint16_t min_value = array[middleIndex].value;
        uint16_t max_value =
            array[middleIndex].value + array[middleIndex].length;
        if (max_value + UINT32_C(1) < key) {  // uint32 arithmetic
            low = middleIndex + 1;
        } else if (key < min_value) {
            high = middleIndex - 1;
        } else {
            return middleIndex;
        }
    }
    return low;
}

static inline int32_t rle16_count_greater(const rle16_t *array,
                                          int32_t lenarray, uint16_t key) {
    if (lenarray == 0) return 0;
    int32_t low = 0;
    int32_t high = lenarray - 1;
    while (low <= high) {
        int32_t middleIndex = (low + high) >> 1;
        uint16_t min_value = array[middleIndex].value;
        uint16_t max_value =
            array[middleIndex].value + array[middleIndex].length;
        if (max_value < key) {
            low = middleIndex + 1;
        } else if (key + UINT32_C(1) < min_value) {  // uint32 arithmetic
            high = middleIndex - 1;
        } else {
            return lenarray - (middleIndex + 1);
        }
    }
    return lenarray - low;
}

/**
 * increase capacity to at least min. Whether the
 * existing data needs to be copied over depends on copy. If "copy" is false,
 * then the new content will be uninitialized, otherwise a copy is made.
 */
void run_container_grow(run_container_t *run, int32_t min, bool copy);

/**
 * Moves the data so that we can write data at index
 */
static inline void makeRoomAtIndex(run_container_t *run, uint16_t index) {
    /* This function calls realloc + memmove sequentially to move by one index.
     * Potentially copying twice the array.
     */
    if (run->n_runs + 1 > run->capacity)
        run_container_grow(run, run->n_runs + 1, true);
    memmove(run->runs + 1 + index, run->runs + index,
            (run->n_runs - index) * sizeof(rle16_t));
    run->n_runs++;
}

/* Add `pos' to `run'. Returns true if `pos' was not present. */
bool run_container_add(run_container_t *run, uint16_t pos);

/* Remove `pos' from `run'. Returns true if `pos' was present. */
static inline bool run_container_remove(run_container_t *run, uint16_t pos) {
    int32_t index = interleavedBinarySearch(run->runs, run->n_runs, pos);
    if (index >= 0) {
        int32_t le = run->runs[index].length;
        if (le == 0) {
            recoverRoomAtIndex(run, (uint16_t)index);
        } else {
            run->runs[index].value++;
            run->runs[index].length--;
        }
        return true;
    }
    index = -index - 2;  // points to preceding value, possibly -1
    if (index >= 0) {    // possible match
        int32_t offset = pos - run->runs[index].value;
        int32_t le = run->runs[index].length;
        if (offset < le) {
            // need to break in two
            run->runs[index].length = (uint16_t)(offset - 1);
            // need to insert
            uint16_t newvalue = pos + 1;
            int32_t newlength = le - offset - 1;
            makeRoomAtIndex(run, (uint16_t)(index + 1));
            run->runs[index + 1].value = newvalue;
            run->runs[index + 1].length = (uint16_t)newlength;
            return true;

        } else if (offset == le) {
            run->runs[index].length--;
            return true;
        }
    }
    // no match
    return false;
}

/* Check whether `pos' is present in `run'.  */
inline bool run_container_contains(const run_container_t *run, uint16_t pos) {
    int32_t index = interleavedBinarySearch(run->runs, run->n_runs, pos);
    if (index >= 0) return true;
    index = -index - 2;  // points to preceding value, possibly -1
    if (index != -1) {   // possible match
        int32_t offset = pos - run->runs[index].value;
        int32_t le = run->runs[index].length;
        if (offset <= le) return true;
    }
    return false;
}

/*
 * Check whether all positions in a range of positions from pos_start (included)
 * to pos_end (excluded) is present in `run'.
 */
static inline bool run_container_contains_range(const run_container_t *run,
                                                uint32_t pos_start,
                                                uint32_t pos_end) {
    uint32_t count = 0;
    int32_t index =
        interleavedBinarySearch(run->runs, run->n_runs, (uint16_t)pos_start);
    if (index < 0) {
        index = -index - 2;
        if ((index == -1) ||
            ((pos_start - run->runs[index].value) > run->runs[index].length)) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    for (int32_t i = index; i < run->n_runs; ++i) {
        const uint32_t stop = run->runs[i].value + run->runs[i].length;
        if (run->runs[i].value >= pos_end) break;
        if (stop >= pos_end) {
            count += (((pos_end - run->runs[i].value) > 0)
                          ? (pos_end - run->runs[i].value)
                          : 0);
            break;
        }
        const uint32_t min = (stop - pos_start) > 0 ? (stop - pos_start) : 0;
        count += (min < run->runs[i].length) ? min : run->runs[i].length;
    }
    return count >= (pos_end - pos_start - 1);
}

/* Get the cardinality of `run'. Requires an actual computation. */
int run_container_cardinality(const run_container_t *run);

/* Card > 0?, see run_container_empty for the reverse */
static inline bool run_container_nonzero_cardinality(
    const run_container_t *run) {
    return run->n_runs > 0;  // runs never empty
}

/* Card == 0?, see run_container_nonzero_cardinality for the reverse */
static inline bool run_container_empty(const run_container_t *run) {
    return run->n_runs == 0;  // runs never empty
}

/* Copy one container into another. We assume that they are distinct. */
void run_container_copy(const run_container_t *src, run_container_t *dst);

/**
 * Append run described by vl to the run container, possibly merging.
 * It is assumed that the run would be inserted at the end of the container, no
 * check is made.
 * It is assumed that the run container has the necessary capacity: caller is
 * responsible for checking memory capacity.
 *
 *
 * This is not a safe function, it is meant for performance: use with care.
 */
static inline void run_container_append(run_container_t *run, rle16_t vl,
                                        rle16_t *previousrl) {
    const uint32_t previousend = previousrl->value + previousrl->length;
    if (vl.value > previousend + 1) {  // we add a new one
        run->runs[run->n_runs] = vl;
        run->n_runs++;
        *previousrl = vl;
    } else {
        uint32_t newend = vl.value + vl.length + UINT32_C(1);
        if (newend > previousend) {  // we merge
            previousrl->length = (uint16_t)(newend - 1 - previousrl->value);
            run->runs[run->n_runs - 1] = *previousrl;
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Like run_container_append but it is assumed that the content of run is empty.
 */
static inline rle16_t run_container_append_first(run_container_t *run,
                                                 rle16_t vl) {
    run->runs[run->n_runs] = vl;
    run->n_runs++;
    return vl;
}

/**
 * append a single value  given by val to the run container, possibly merging.
 * It is assumed that the value would be inserted at the end of the container,
 * no check is made.
 * It is assumed that the run container has the necessary capacity: caller is
 * responsible for checking memory capacity.
 *
 * This is not a safe function, it is meant for performance: use with care.
 */
static inline void run_container_append_value(run_container_t *run,
                                              uint16_t val,
                                              rle16_t *previousrl) {
    const uint32_t previousend = previousrl->value + previousrl->length;
    if (val > previousend + 1) {  // we add a new one
        *previousrl = CROARING_MAKE_RLE16(val, 0);
        run->runs[run->n_runs] = *previousrl;
        run->n_runs++;
    } else if (val == previousend + 1) {  // we merge
        previousrl->length++;
        run->runs[run->n_runs - 1] = *previousrl;
    }
}

/**
 * Like run_container_append_value but it is assumed that the content of run is
 * empty.
 */
static inline rle16_t run_container_append_value_first(run_container_t *run,
                                                       uint16_t val) {
    rle16_t newrle = CROARING_MAKE_RLE16(val, 0);
    run->runs[run->n_runs] = newrle;
    run->n_runs++;
    return newrle;
}

/* Check whether the container spans the whole chunk (cardinality = 1<<16).
 * This check can be done in constant time (inexpensive). */
static inline bool run_container_is_full(const run_container_t *run) {
    rle16_t vl = run->runs[0];
    return (run->n_runs == 1) && (vl.value == 0) && (vl.length == 0xFFFF);
}

/* Compute the union of `src_1' and `src_2' and write the result to `dst'
 * It is assumed that `dst' is distinct from both `src_1' and `src_2'. */
void run_container_union(const run_container_t *src_1,
                         const run_container_t *src_2, run_container_t *dst);

/* Compute the union of `src_1' and `src_2' and write the result to `src_1' */
void run_container_union_inplace(run_container_t *src_1,
                                 const run_container_t *src_2);

/* Compute the intersection of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. It is assumed that dst is distinct from both src_1 and src_2. */
void run_container_intersection(const run_container_t *src_1,
                                const run_container_t *src_2,
                                run_container_t *dst);

/* Compute the size of the intersection of src_1 and src_2 . */
int run_container_intersection_cardinality(const run_container_t *src_1,
                                           const run_container_t *src_2);

/* Check whether src_1 and src_2 intersect. */
bool run_container_intersect(const run_container_t *src_1,
                             const run_container_t *src_2);

/* Compute the symmetric difference of `src_1' and `src_2' and write the result
 * to `dst'
 * It is assumed that `dst' is distinct from both `src_1' and `src_2'. */
void run_container_xor(const run_container_t *src_1,
                       const run_container_t *src_2, run_container_t *dst);

/*
 * Write out the 16-bit integers contained in this container as a list of 32-bit
 * integers using base
 * as the starting value (it might be expected that base has zeros in its 16
 * least significant bits).
 * The function returns the number of values written.
 * The caller is responsible for allocating enough memory in out.
 */
int run_container_to_uint32_array(void *vout, const run_container_t *cont,
                                  uint32_t base);

/*
 * Print this container using printf (useful for debugging).
 */
void run_container_printf(const run_container_t *v);

/*
 * Print this container using printf as a comma-separated list of 32-bit
 * integers starting at base.
 */
void run_container_printf_as_uint32_array(const run_container_t *v,
                                          uint32_t base);

bool run_container_validate(const run_container_t *run, const char **reason);

/**
 * Return the serialized size in bytes of a container having "num_runs" runs.
 */
static inline int32_t run_container_serialized_size_in_bytes(int32_t num_runs) {
    return sizeof(uint16_t) +
           sizeof(rle16_t) * num_runs;  // each run requires 2 2-byte entries.
}

bool run_container_iterate(const run_container_t *cont, uint32_t base,
                           roaring_iterator iterator, void *ptr);
bool run_container_iterate64(const run_container_t *cont, uint32_t base,
                             roaring_iterator64 iterator, uint64_t high_bits,
                             void *ptr);

/**
 * Writes the underlying array to buf, outputs how many bytes were written.
 * This is meant to be byte-by-byte compatible with the Java and Go versions of
 * Roaring.
 * The number of bytes written should be run_container_size_in_bytes(container).
 */
int32_t run_container_write(const run_container_t *container, char *buf);

/**
 * Reads the instance from buf, outputs how many bytes were read.
 * This is meant to be byte-by-byte compatible with the Java and Go versions of
 * Roaring.
 * The number of bytes read should be bitset_container_size_in_bytes(container).
 * The cardinality parameter is provided for consistency with other containers,
 * but
 * it might be effectively ignored..
 */
int32_t run_container_read(int32_t cardinality, run_container_t *container,
                           const char *buf);

/**
 * Return the serialized size in bytes of a container (see run_container_write).
 * This is meant to be compatible with the Java and Go versions of Roaring.
 */
CROARING_ALLOW_UNALIGNED
static inline int32_t run_container_size_in_bytes(
    const run_container_t *container) {
    return run_container_serialized_size_in_bytes(container->n_runs);
}

/**
 * Return true if the two containers have the same content.
 */
CROARING_ALLOW_UNALIGNED
static inline bool run_container_equals(const run_container_t *container1,
                                        const run_container_t *container2) {
    if (container1->n_runs != container2->n_runs) {
        return false;
    }
    return memequals(container1->runs, container2->runs,
                     container1->n_runs * sizeof(rle16_t));
}

/**
 * Return true if container1 is a subset of container2.
 */
bool run_container_is_subset(const run_container_t *container1,
                             const run_container_t *container2);

/**
 * Used in a start-finish scan that appends segments, for XOR and NOT
 */

void run_container_smart_append_exclusive(run_container_t *src,
                                          const uint16_t start,
                                          const uint16_t length);

/**
 * The new container consists of a single run [start,stop).
 * It is required that stop>start, the caller is responsability for this check.
 * It is required that stop <= (1<<16), the caller is responsability for this
 * check. The cardinality of the created container is stop - start. Returns NULL
 * on failure
 */
static inline run_container_t *run_container_create_range(uint32_t start,
                                                          uint32_t stop) {
    run_container_t *rc = run_container_create_given_capacity(1);
    if (rc) {
        rle16_t r;
        r.value = (uint16_t)start;
        r.length = (uint16_t)(stop - start - 1);
        run_container_append_first(rc, r);
    }
    return rc;
}

/**
 * If the element of given rank is in this container, supposing that the first
 * element has rank start_rank, then the function returns true and sets element
 * accordingly.
 * Otherwise, it returns false and update start_rank.
 */
bool run_container_select(const run_container_t *container,
                          uint32_t *start_rank, uint32_t rank,
                          uint32_t *element);

/* Compute the difference of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. It is assumed that dst is distinct from both src_1 and src_2. */

void run_container_andnot(const run_container_t *src_1,
                          const run_container_t *src_2, run_container_t *dst);

void run_container_offset(const run_container_t *c, container_t **loc,
                          container_t **hic, uint16_t offset);

/* Returns the smallest value (assumes not empty) */
inline uint16_t run_container_minimum(const run_container_t *run) {
    if (run->n_runs == 0) return 0;
    return run->runs[0].value;
}

/* Returns the largest value (assumes not empty) */
inline uint16_t run_container_maximum(const run_container_t *run) {
    if (run->n_runs == 0) return 0;
    return run->runs[run->n_runs - 1].value + run->runs[run->n_runs - 1].length;
}

/* Returns the number of values equal or smaller than x */
int run_container_rank(const run_container_t *arr, uint16_t x);

/* bulk version of run_container_rank(); return number of consumed elements */
uint32_t run_container_rank_many(const run_container_t *arr,
                                 uint64_t start_rank, const uint32_t *begin,
                                 const uint32_t *end, uint64_t *ans);

/* Returns the index of x, if not exsist return -1 */
int run_container_get_index(const run_container_t *arr, uint16_t x);

/* Returns the index of the first run containing a value at least as large as x,
 * or -1 */
inline int run_container_index_equalorlarger(const run_container_t *arr,
                                             uint16_t x) {
    int32_t index = interleavedBinarySearch(arr->runs, arr->n_runs, x);
    if (index >= 0) return index;
    index = -index - 2;  // points to preceding run, possibly -1
    if (index != -1) {   // possible match
        int32_t offset = x - arr->runs[index].value;
        int32_t le = arr->runs[index].length;
        if (offset <= le) return index;
    }
    index += 1;
    if (index < arr->n_runs) {
        return index;
    }
    return -1;
}

/*
 * Add all values in range [min, max] using hint.
 */
static inline void run_container_add_range_nruns(run_container_t *run,
                                                 uint32_t min, uint32_t max,
                                                 int32_t nruns_less,
                                                 int32_t nruns_greater) {
    int32_t nruns_common = run->n_runs - nruns_less - nruns_greater;
    if (nruns_common == 0) {
        makeRoomAtIndex(run, (uint16_t)nruns_less);
        run->runs[nruns_less].value = (uint16_t)min;
        run->runs[nruns_less].length = (uint16_t)(max - min);
    } else {
        uint32_t common_min = run->runs[nruns_less].value;
        uint32_t common_max = run->runs[nruns_less + nruns_common - 1].value +
                              run->runs[nruns_less + nruns_common - 1].length;
        uint32_t result_min = (common_min < min) ? common_min : min;
        uint32_t result_max = (common_max > max) ? common_max : max;

        run->runs[nruns_less].value = (uint16_t)result_min;
        run->runs[nruns_less].length = (uint16_t)(result_max - result_min);

        memmove(&(run->runs[nruns_less + 1]),
                &(run->runs[run->n_runs - nruns_greater]),
                nruns_greater * sizeof(rle16_t));
        run->n_runs = nruns_less + 1 + nruns_greater;
    }
}

/**
 * Add all values in range [min, max]. This function is currently unused
 * and left as documentation.
 */
/*static inline void run_container_add_range(run_container_t* run,
                                           uint32_t min, uint32_t max) {
    int32_t nruns_greater = rle16_count_greater(run->runs, run->n_runs, max);
    int32_t nruns_less = rle16_count_less(run->runs, run->n_runs -
nruns_greater, min); run_container_add_range_nruns(run, min, max, nruns_less,
nruns_greater);
}*/

/**
 * Shifts last $count elements either left (distance < 0) or right (distance >
 * 0)
 */
static inline void run_container_shift_tail(run_container_t *run, int32_t count,
                                            int32_t distance) {
    if (distance > 0) {
        if (run->capacity < count + distance) {
            run_container_grow(run, count + distance, true);
        }
    }
    int32_t srcpos = run->n_runs - count;
    int32_t dstpos = srcpos + distance;
    memmove(&(run->runs[dstpos]), &(run->runs[srcpos]),
            sizeof(rle16_t) * count);
    run->n_runs += distance;
}

/**
 * Remove all elements in range [min, max]
 */
static inline void run_container_remove_range(run_container_t *run,
                                              uint32_t min, uint32_t max) {
    int32_t first = rle16_find_run(run->runs, run->n_runs, (uint16_t)min);
    int32_t last = rle16_find_run(run->runs, run->n_runs, (uint16_t)max);

    if (first >= 0 && min > run->runs[first].value &&
        max < ((uint32_t)run->runs[first].value +
               (uint32_t)run->runs[first].length)) {
        // split this run into two adjacent runs

        // right subinterval
        makeRoomAtIndex(run, (uint16_t)(first + 1));
        run->runs[first + 1].value = (uint16_t)(max + 1);
        run->runs[first + 1].length =
            (uint16_t)((run->runs[first].value + run->runs[first].length) -
                       (max + 1));

        // left subinterval
        run->runs[first].length =
            (uint16_t)((min - 1) - run->runs[first].value);

        return;
    }

    // update left-most partial run
    if (first >= 0) {
        if (min > run->runs[first].value) {
            run->runs[first].length =
                (uint16_t)((min - 1) - run->runs[first].value);
            first++;
        }
    } else {
        first = -first - 1;
    }

    // update right-most run
    if (last >= 0) {
        uint16_t run_max = run->runs[last].value + run->runs[last].length;
        if (run_max > max) {
            run->runs[last].value = (uint16_t)(max + 1);
            run->runs[last].length = (uint16_t)(run_max - (max + 1));
            last--;
        }
    } else {
        last = (-last - 1) - 1;
    }

    // remove intermediate runs
    if (first <= last) {
        run_container_shift_tail(run, run->n_runs - (last + 1),
                                 -(last - first + 1));
    }
}

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif /* INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_RUN_H_ */
/* end file include/roaring/containers/run.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/convert.h */
/*
 * convert.h
 *
 * This header declares conversion helpers between the different Roaring
 * container representations: array, bitset, and run containers. These
 * routines are used when an operation produces data better represented in a
 * different form, or when the library wants to switch to the most space-
 * efficient container type.
 *
 * In addition to direct conversions, the file also provides helpers that
 * choose between candidate result representations based on cardinality and
 * storage efficiency.
 */

#ifndef INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_CONVERT_H_
#define INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_CONVERT_H_


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif

/* Convert an array into a bitset. The input container is not freed or modified.
 */
bitset_container_t *bitset_container_from_array(const array_container_t *arr);

/* Convert a run into a bitset. The input container is not freed or modified. */
bitset_container_t *bitset_container_from_run(const run_container_t *arr);

/* Convert a run into an array. The input container is not freed or modified. */
array_container_t *array_container_from_run(const run_container_t *arr);

/* Convert a bitset into an array. The input container is not freed or modified.
 */
array_container_t *array_container_from_bitset(const bitset_container_t *bits);

/* Convert an array into a run. The input container is not freed or modified.
 */
run_container_t *run_container_from_array(const array_container_t *c);

/* convert a run into either an array or a bitset
 * might free the container. This does not free the input run container. */
container_t *convert_to_bitset_or_array_container(run_container_t *rc,
                                                  int32_t card,
                                                  uint8_t *resulttype);

/* convert containers to and from runcontainers, as is most space efficient.
 * The container might be freed. */
container_t *convert_run_optimize(container_t *c, uint8_t typecode_original,
                                  uint8_t *typecode_after);

/* converts a run container to either an array or a bitset, IF it saves space.
 */
/* If a conversion occurs, the caller is responsible to free the original
 * container and
 * he becomes reponsible to free the new one. */
container_t *convert_run_to_efficient_container(run_container_t *c,
                                                uint8_t *typecode_after);

// like convert_run_to_efficient_container but frees the old result if needed
container_t *convert_run_to_efficient_container_and_free(
    run_container_t *c, uint8_t *typecode_after);

/**
 * Create new container which is a union of run container and
 * range [min, max]. Caller is responsible for freeing run container.
 */
container_t *container_from_run_range(const run_container_t *run, uint32_t min,
                                      uint32_t max, uint8_t *typecode_after);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif /* INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_CONVERT_H_ */
/* end file include/roaring/containers/convert.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/mixed_equal.h */
/*
 * mixed_equal.h
 *
 */

#ifndef CONTAINERS_MIXED_EQUAL_H_
#define CONTAINERS_MIXED_EQUAL_H_


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif

/**
 * Return true if the two containers have the same content.
 */
bool array_container_equal_bitset(const array_container_t* container1,
                                  const bitset_container_t* container2);

/**
 * Return true if the two containers have the same content.
 */
bool run_container_equals_array(const run_container_t* container1,
                                const array_container_t* container2);
/**
 * Return true if the two containers have the same content.
 */
bool run_container_equals_bitset(const run_container_t* container1,
                                 const bitset_container_t* container2);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif /* CONTAINERS_MIXED_EQUAL_H_ */
/* end file include/roaring/containers/mixed_equal.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/mixed_subset.h */
/*
 * mixed_subset.h
 *
 * This header declares subset-checking routines between different Roaring
 * container types. These helpers are used when two containers do not share the
 * same representation and a direct type-specific subset predicate is needed.
 *
 * Each function answers whether all values from one container are contained in
 * another, across combinations of array, bitset, and run containers.
 */

#ifndef CONTAINERS_MIXED_SUBSET_H_
#define CONTAINERS_MIXED_SUBSET_H_


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif

/**
 * Return true if container1 is a subset of container2.
 */
bool array_container_is_subset_bitset(const array_container_t* container1,
                                      const bitset_container_t* container2);

/**
 * Return true if container1 is a subset of container2.
 */
bool run_container_is_subset_array(const run_container_t* container1,
                                   const array_container_t* container2);

/**
 * Return true if container1 is a subset of container2.
 */
bool array_container_is_subset_run(const array_container_t* container1,
                                   const run_container_t* container2);

/**
 * Return true if container1 is a subset of container2.
 */
bool run_container_is_subset_bitset(const run_container_t* container1,
                                    const bitset_container_t* container2);

/**
 * Return true if container1 is a subset of container2.
 */
bool bitset_container_is_subset_run(const bitset_container_t* container1,
                                    const run_container_t* container2);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif /* CONTAINERS_MIXED_SUBSET_H_ */
/* end file include/roaring/containers/mixed_subset.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/mixed_andnot.h */
/*
 * mixed_andnot.h
 *
 * This header declares mixed-container difference operations of the form
 * `A \ B` (also called andnot) between Roaring container types such as array,
 * bitset, and run containers. These helpers are used when the operands have
 * different internal representations and the result may need to change
 * representation depending on density.
 *
 * The file includes both allocating and inplace-oriented variants so callers
 * can either materialize a fresh result or reuse storage when that is
 * efficient and semantically allowed.
 */
#ifndef INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_ANDNOT_H_
#define INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_ANDNOT_H_


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst, a valid array container that could be the same as dst.*/
void array_bitset_container_andnot(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                   const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                   array_container_t *dst);

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * src_1 */

void array_bitset_container_iandnot(array_container_t *src_1,
                                    const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst, which does not initially have a valid container.
 * Return true for a bitset result; false for array
 */

bool bitset_array_container_andnot(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                   const array_container_t *src_2,
                                   container_t **dst);

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst (which has no container initially).  It will modify src_1
 * to be dst if the result is a bitset.  Otherwise, it will
 * free src_1 and dst will be a new array container.  In both
 * cases, the caller is responsible for deallocating dst.
 * Returns true iff dst is a bitset  */

bool bitset_array_container_iandnot(bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                    const array_container_t *src_2,
                                    container_t **dst);

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. Result may be either a bitset or an array container
 * (returns "result is bitset"). dst does not initially have
 * any container, but becomes either a bitset container (return
 * result true) or an array container.
 */

bool run_bitset_container_andnot(const run_container_t *src_1,
                                 const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                 container_t **dst);

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. Result may be either a bitset or an array container
 * (returns "result is bitset"). dst does not initially have
 * any container, but becomes either a bitset container (return
 * result true) or an array container.
 */

bool run_bitset_container_iandnot(run_container_t *src_1,
                                  const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                  container_t **dst);

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. Result may be either a bitset or an array container
 * (returns "result is bitset").  dst does not initially have
 * any container, but becomes either a bitset container (return
 * result true) or an array container.
 */

bool bitset_run_container_andnot(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                 const run_container_t *src_2,
                                 container_t **dst);

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst (which has no container initially).  It will modify src_1
 * to be dst if the result is a bitset.  Otherwise, it will
 * free src_1 and dst will be a new array container.  In both
 * cases, the caller is responsible for deallocating dst.
 * Returns true iff dst is a bitset  */

bool bitset_run_container_iandnot(bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                  const run_container_t *src_2,
                                  container_t **dst);

/* dst does not indicate a valid container initially.  Eventually it
 * can become any type of container.
 */

int run_array_container_andnot(const run_container_t *src_1,
                               const array_container_t *src_2,
                               container_t **dst);

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst (which has no container initially).  It will modify src_1
 * to be dst if the result is a bitset.  Otherwise, it will
 * free src_1 and dst will be a new array container.  In both
 * cases, the caller is responsible for deallocating dst.
 * Returns true iff dst is a bitset  */

int run_array_container_iandnot(run_container_t *src_1,
                                const array_container_t *src_2,
                                container_t **dst);

/* dst must be a valid array container, allowed to be src_1 */

void array_run_container_andnot(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                const run_container_t *src_2,
                                array_container_t *dst);

/* dst does not indicate a valid container initially.  Eventually it
 * can become any kind of container.
 */

void array_run_container_iandnot(array_container_t *src_1,
                                 const run_container_t *src_2);

/* dst does not indicate a valid container initially.  Eventually it
 * can become any kind of container.
 */

int run_run_container_andnot(const run_container_t *src_1,
                             const run_container_t *src_2, container_t **dst);

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst (which has no container initially).  It will modify src_1
 * to be dst if the result is a bitset.  Otherwise, it will
 * free src_1 and dst will be a new array container.  In both
 * cases, the caller is responsible for deallocating dst.
 * Returns true iff dst is a bitset  */

int run_run_container_iandnot(run_container_t *src_1,
                              const run_container_t *src_2, container_t **dst);

/*
 * dst is a valid array container and may be the same as src_1
 */

void array_array_container_andnot(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                  const array_container_t *src_2,
                                  array_container_t *dst);

/* inplace array-array andnot will always be able to reuse the space of
 * src_1 */
void array_array_container_iandnot(array_container_t *src_1,
                                   const array_container_t *src_2);

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst (which has no container initially). Return value is
 * "dst is a bitset"
 */

bool bitset_bitset_container_andnot(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                    const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                    container_t **dst);

/* Compute the andnot of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst (which has no container initially).  It will modify src_1
 * to be dst if the result is a bitset.  Otherwise, it will
 * free src_1 and dst will be a new array container.  In both
 * cases, the caller is responsible for deallocating dst.
 * Returns true iff dst is a bitset  */

bool bitset_bitset_container_iandnot(bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                     const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                     container_t **dst);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif
/* end file include/roaring/containers/mixed_andnot.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/mixed_intersection.h */
/*
 * mixed_intersection.h
 *
 * This header declares intersection operations between different Roaring
 * container types, such as array, bitset, and run containers. These mixed
 * routines are used when the input containers have different internal
 * representations and the implementation must choose the appropriate result
 * form based on the data.
 *
 * In addition to materializing intersections, the file also provides helpers
 * for intersection cardinality, intersection predicates, and selected inplace
 * variants.
 */

#ifndef INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_INTERSECTION_H_
#define INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_INTERSECTION_H_

/* These functions appear to exclude cases where the
 * inputs have the same type and the output is guaranteed
 * to have the same type as the inputs.  Eg, array intersection
 */


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif

/* Compute the intersection of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. It is allowed for dst to be equal to src_1. We assume that dst is a
 * valid container. */
void array_bitset_container_intersection(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                         const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                         array_container_t *dst);

/* Compute the size of the intersection of src_1 and src_2. */
int array_bitset_container_intersection_cardinality(
    const array_container_t *src_1, const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/* Checking whether src_1 and src_2 intersect. */
bool array_bitset_container_intersect(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                      const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/*
 * Compute the intersection between src_1 and src_2 and write the result
 * to *dst. If the return function is true, the result is a bitset_container_t
 * otherwise is a array_container_t. We assume that dst is not pre-allocated. In
 * case of failure, *dst will be NULL.
 */
bool bitset_bitset_container_intersection(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                          const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                          container_t **dst);

/* Compute the intersection between src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. It is allowed for dst to be equal to src_1. We assume that dst is a
 * valid container. */
void array_run_container_intersection(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                      const run_container_t *src_2,
                                      array_container_t *dst);

/* Compute the intersection between src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * *dst. If the result is true then the result is a bitset_container_t
 * otherwise is a array_container_t.
 * If *dst == src_2, then an in-place intersection is attempted
 **/
bool run_bitset_container_intersection(const run_container_t *src_1,
                                       const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                       container_t **dst);

/* Compute the size of the intersection between src_1 and src_2 . */
int array_run_container_intersection_cardinality(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                                 const run_container_t *src_2);

/* Compute the size of the intersection  between src_1 and src_2
 **/
int run_bitset_container_intersection_cardinality(
    const run_container_t *src_1, const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/* Check that src_1 and src_2 intersect. */
bool array_run_container_intersect(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                   const run_container_t *src_2);

/* Check that src_1 and src_2 intersect.
 **/
bool run_bitset_container_intersect(const run_container_t *src_1,
                                    const bitset_container_t *src_2);

/*
 * Same as bitset_bitset_container_intersection except that if the output is to
 * be a
 * bitset_container_t, then src_1 is modified and no allocation is made.
 * If the output is to be an array_container_t, then caller is responsible
 * to free the container.
 * In all cases, the result is in *dst.
 */
bool bitset_bitset_container_intersection_inplace(
    bitset_container_t *src_1, const bitset_container_t *src_2,
    container_t **dst);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif /* INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_INTERSECTION_H_ */
/* end file include/roaring/containers/mixed_intersection.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/mixed_negation.h */
/*
 * mixed_negation.h
 *
 * This header declares negation (complement) operations for Roaring
 * containers, both over the full 16-bit container domain and over specified
 * subranges. Depending on the input representation and the density of the
 * complement, the result may need to switch between array, bitset, and run
 * containers.
 *
 * The file includes both allocating and inplace-oriented variants so callers
 * can choose between simple result construction and reuse of an existing
 * container when that is practical.
 */

#ifndef INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_NEGATION_H_
#define INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_NEGATION_H_


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif

/* Negation across the entire range of the container.
 * Compute the  negation of src  and write the result
 * to *dst. The complement of a
 * sufficiently sparse set will always be dense and a hence a bitmap
 * We assume that dst is pre-allocated and a valid bitset container
 * There can be no in-place version.
 */
void array_container_negation(const array_container_t *src,
                              bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Negation across the entire range of the container
 * Compute the  negation of src  and write the result
 * to *dst.  A true return value indicates a bitset result,
 * otherwise the result is an array container.
 *  We assume that dst is not pre-allocated. In
 * case of failure, *dst will be NULL.
 */
bool bitset_container_negation(const bitset_container_t *src,
                               container_t **dst);

/* inplace version */
/*
 * Same as bitset_container_negation except that if the output is to
 * be a
 * bitset_container_t, then src is modified and no allocation is made.
 * If the output is to be an array_container_t, then caller is responsible
 * to free the container.
 * In all cases, the result is in *dst.
 */
bool bitset_container_negation_inplace(bitset_container_t *src,
                                       container_t **dst);

/* Negation across the entire range of container
 * Compute the  negation of src  and write the result
 * to *dst.
 * Return values are the *_TYPECODES as defined * in containers.h
 *  We assume that dst is not pre-allocated. In
 * case of failure, *dst will be NULL.
 */
int run_container_negation(const run_container_t *src, container_t **dst);

/*
 * Same as run_container_negation except that if the output is to
 * be a
 * run_container_t, and has the capacity to hold the result,
 * then src is modified and no allocation is made.
 * In all cases, the result is in *dst.
 */
int run_container_negation_inplace(run_container_t *src, container_t **dst);

/* Negation across a range of the container.
 * Compute the  negation of src  and write the result
 * to *dst. Returns true if the result is a bitset container
 * and false for an array container.  *dst is not preallocated.
 */
bool array_container_negation_range(const array_container_t *src,
                                    const int range_start, const int range_end,
                                    container_t **dst);

/* Even when the result would fit, it is unclear how to make an
 * inplace version without inefficient copying.  Thus this routine
 * may be a wrapper for the non-in-place version
 */
bool array_container_negation_range_inplace(array_container_t *src,
                                            const int range_start,
                                            const int range_end,
                                            container_t **dst);

/* Negation across a range of the container
 * Compute the  negation of src  and write the result
 * to *dst.  A true return value indicates a bitset result,
 * otherwise the result is an array container.
 *  We assume that dst is not pre-allocated. In
 * case of failure, *dst will be NULL.
 */
bool bitset_container_negation_range(const bitset_container_t *src,
                                     const int range_start, const int range_end,
                                     container_t **dst);

/* inplace version */
/*
 * Same as bitset_container_negation except that if the output is to
 * be a
 * bitset_container_t, then src is modified and no allocation is made.
 * If the output is to be an array_container_t, then caller is responsible
 * to free the container.
 * In all cases, the result is in *dst.
 */
bool bitset_container_negation_range_inplace(bitset_container_t *src,
                                             const int range_start,
                                             const int range_end,
                                             container_t **dst);

/* Negation across a range of container
 * Compute the  negation of src  and write the result
 * to *dst.  Return values are the *_TYPECODES as defined * in containers.h
 *  We assume that dst is not pre-allocated. In
 * case of failure, *dst will be NULL.
 */
int run_container_negation_range(const run_container_t *src,
                                 const int range_start, const int range_end,
                                 container_t **dst);

/*
 * Same as run_container_negation except that if the output is to
 * be a
 * run_container_t, and has the capacity to hold the result,
 * then src is modified and no allocation is made.
 * In all cases, the result is in *dst.
 */
int run_container_negation_range_inplace(run_container_t *src,
                                         const int range_start,
                                         const int range_end,
                                         container_t **dst);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif /* INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_NEGATION_H_ */
/* end file include/roaring/containers/mixed_negation.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/mixed_union.h */
/*
 * mixed_union.h
 *
 * This header declares union operations between different Roaring container
 * types, such as array, bitset, and run containers. These mixed-operation
 * helpers are used when the two input containers do not share the same
 * representation and the result may need to stay in, or be converted to, a
 * representation chosen according to the data.
 *
 * The file includes regular, lazy, and inplace variants so callers can select
 * between fully maintained results and faster deferred-maintenance paths.
 */

#ifndef INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_UNION_H_
#define INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_UNION_H_

/* These functions appear to exclude cases where the
 * inputs have the same type and the output is guaranteed
 * to have the same type as the inputs.  Eg, bitset unions
 */


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif

/* Compute the union of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. It is allowed for src_2 to be dst.   */
void array_bitset_container_union(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                  const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                  bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Compute the union of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. It is allowed for src_2 to be dst.  This version does not
 * update the cardinality of dst (it is set to BITSET_UNKNOWN_CARDINALITY). */
void array_bitset_container_lazy_union(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                       const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                       bitset_container_t *dst);

/*
 * Compute the union between src_1 and src_2 and write the result
 * to *dst. If the return function is true, the result is a bitset_container_t
 * otherwise is a array_container_t. We assume that dst is not pre-allocated. In
 * case of failure, *dst will be NULL.
 */
bool array_array_container_union(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                 const array_container_t *src_2,
                                 container_t **dst);

/*
 * Compute the union between src_1 and src_2 and write the result
 * to *dst if it cannot be written to src_1. If the return function is true,
 * the result is a bitset_container_t
 * otherwise is a array_container_t. When the result is an array_container_t, it
 * it either written to src_1 (if *dst is null) or to *dst.
 * If the result is a bitset_container_t and *dst is null, then there was a
 * failure.
 */
bool array_array_container_inplace_union(array_container_t *src_1,
                                         const array_container_t *src_2,
                                         container_t **dst);

/*
 * Same as array_array_container_union except that it will more eagerly produce
 * a bitset.
 */
bool array_array_container_lazy_union(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                      const array_container_t *src_2,
                                      container_t **dst);

/*
 * Same as array_array_container_inplace_union except that it will more eagerly
 * produce a bitset.
 */
bool array_array_container_lazy_inplace_union(array_container_t *src_1,
                                              const array_container_t *src_2,
                                              container_t **dst);

/* Compute the union of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. We assume that dst is a
 * valid container. The result might need to be further converted to array or
 * bitset container,
 * the caller is responsible for the eventual conversion. */
void array_run_container_union(const array_container_t *src_1,
                               const run_container_t *src_2,
                               run_container_t *dst);

/* Compute the union of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * src2. The result might need to be further converted to array or
 * bitset container,
 * the caller is responsible for the eventual conversion. */
void array_run_container_inplace_union(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                       run_container_t *src_2);

/* Compute the union of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. It is allowed for dst to be src_2.
 * If run_container_is_full(src_1) is true, you must not be calling this
 *function.
 **/
void run_bitset_container_union(const run_container_t *src_1,
                                const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                bitset_container_t *dst);

/* Compute the union of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. It is allowed for dst to be src_2.  This version does not
 * update the cardinality of dst (it is set to BITSET_UNKNOWN_CARDINALITY).
 * If run_container_is_full(src_1) is true, you must not be calling this
 * function.
 * */
void run_bitset_container_lazy_union(const run_container_t *src_1,
                                     const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                     bitset_container_t *dst);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif /* INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_UNION_H_ */
/* end file include/roaring/containers/mixed_union.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/mixed_xor.h */
/*
 * mixed_xor.h
 *
 * This header declares XOR operations between different Roaring container
 * types, such as array, bitset, and run containers. These "mixed" routines
 * handle cases where the two inputs do not share the same representation and
 * where the most appropriate output representation may depend on the data.
 *
 * It includes regular, lazy, and inplace variants so higher-level bitmap code
 * can choose between fully normalized results and faster deferred-maintenance
 * paths.
 */

#ifndef INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_XOR_H_
#define INCLUDE_CONTAINERS_MIXED_XOR_H_

/* These functions appear to exclude cases where the
 * inputs have the same type and the output is guaranteed
 * to have the same type as the inputs.  Eg, bitset unions
 */

/*
 * Java implementation (as of May 2016) for array_run, run_run
 * and  bitset_run don't do anything different for inplace.
 * (They are not truly in place.)
 */



#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif

/* Compute the xor of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst (which has no container initially).
 * Result is true iff dst is a bitset  */
bool array_bitset_container_xor(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                container_t **dst);

/* Compute the xor of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. It is allowed for src_2 to be dst.  This version does not
 * update the cardinality of dst (it is set to BITSET_UNKNOWN_CARDINALITY).
 */

void array_bitset_container_lazy_xor(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                     const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                     bitset_container_t *dst);
/* Compute the xor of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst (which has no container initially). Return value is
 * "dst is a bitset"
 */

bool bitset_bitset_container_xor(const bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                 const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                 container_t **dst);

/* Compute the xor of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. Result may be either a bitset or an array container
 * (returns "result is bitset"). dst does not initially have
 * any container, but becomes either a bitset container (return
 * result true) or an array container.
 */

bool run_bitset_container_xor(const run_container_t *src_1,
                              const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                              container_t **dst);

/* lazy xor.  Dst is initialized and may be equal to src_2.
 *  Result is left as a bitset container, even if actual
 *  cardinality would dictate an array container.
 */

void run_bitset_container_lazy_xor(const run_container_t *src_1,
                                   const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                   bitset_container_t *dst);

/* dst does not indicate a valid container initially.  Eventually it
 * can become any kind of container.
 */

int array_run_container_xor(const array_container_t *src_1,
                            const run_container_t *src_2, container_t **dst);

/* dst does not initially have a valid container.  Creates either
 * an array or a bitset container, indicated by return code
 */

bool array_array_container_xor(const array_container_t *src_1,
                               const array_container_t *src_2,
                               container_t **dst);

/* dst does not initially have a valid container.  Creates either
 * an array or a bitset container, indicated by return code.
 * A bitset container will not have a valid cardinality and the
 * container type might not be correct for the actual cardinality
 */

bool array_array_container_lazy_xor(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                    const array_container_t *src_2,
                                    container_t **dst);

/* Dst is a valid run container. (Can it be src_2? Let's say not.)
 * Leaves result as run container, even if other options are
 * smaller.
 */

void array_run_container_lazy_xor(const array_container_t *src_1,
                                  const run_container_t *src_2,
                                  run_container_t *dst);

/* dst does not indicate a valid container initially.  Eventually it
 * can become any kind of container.
 */

int run_run_container_xor(const run_container_t *src_1,
                          const run_container_t *src_2, container_t **dst);

/* INPLACE versions (initial implementation may not exploit all inplace
 * opportunities (if any...)
 */

/* Compute the xor of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst (which has no container initially).  It will modify src_1
 * to be dst if the result is a bitset.  Otherwise, it will
 * free src_1 and dst will be a new array container.  In both
 * cases, the caller is responsible for deallocating dst.
 * Returns true iff dst is a bitset  */

bool bitset_array_container_ixor(bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                 const array_container_t *src_2,
                                 container_t **dst);

bool bitset_bitset_container_ixor(bitset_container_t *src_1,
                                  const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                  container_t **dst);

bool array_bitset_container_ixor(array_container_t *src_1,
                                 const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                                 container_t **dst);

/* Compute the xor of src_1 and src_2 and write the result to
 * dst. Result may be either a bitset or an array container
 * (returns "result is bitset"). dst does not initially have
 * any container, but becomes either a bitset container (return
 * result true) or an array container.
 */

bool run_bitset_container_ixor(run_container_t *src_1,
                               const bitset_container_t *src_2,
                               container_t **dst);

bool bitset_run_container_ixor(bitset_container_t *src_1,
                               const run_container_t *src_2, container_t **dst);

/* dst does not indicate a valid container initially.  Eventually it
 * can become any kind of container.
 */

int array_run_container_ixor(array_container_t *src_1,
                             const run_container_t *src_2, container_t **dst);

int run_array_container_ixor(run_container_t *src_1,
                             const array_container_t *src_2, container_t **dst);

bool array_array_container_ixor(array_container_t *src_1,
                                const array_container_t *src_2,
                                container_t **dst);

int run_run_container_ixor(run_container_t *src_1, const run_container_t *src_2,
                           container_t **dst);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif
/* end file include/roaring/containers/mixed_xor.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/containers/containers.h */
/*
 * containers.h
 *
 * This header is the central internal interface for Roaring container
 * operations. It ties together the concrete container types (array, bitset,
 * run, and shared containers), their type codes, common helper functions, and
 * the mixed-operation headers used to combine different representations.
 *
 * In practice, it acts as the dispatch layer that lets higher-level bitmap
 * code manipulate containers through a uniform interface while still selecting
 * type-specific implementations when needed.
 */
#ifndef CONTAINERS_CONTAINERS_H
#define CONTAINERS_CONTAINERS_H

#include <assert.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace internal {
#endif

// would enum be possible or better?

/**
 * The switch case statements follow
 * BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE -- ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE -- RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE
 * so it makes more sense to number them 1, 2, 3 (in the vague hope that the
 * compiler might exploit this ordering).
 */

#define BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE 1
#define ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE 2
#define RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE 3
#define SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE 4

/**
 * Macros for pairing container type codes, suitable for switch statements.
 * Use PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES() for the switch, CONTAINER_PAIR() for the cases:
 *
 *     switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
 *        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET,ARRAY):
 *        ...
 *     }
 */
#define PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2) (4 * (type1) + (type2))

#define CONTAINER_PAIR(name1, name2) \
    (4 * (name1##_CONTAINER_TYPE) + (name2##_CONTAINER_TYPE))

/**
 * A shared container is a wrapper around a container
 * with reference counting.
 */
STRUCT_CONTAINER(shared_container_s) {
    container_t *container;
    uint8_t typecode;
    croaring_refcount_t counter;  // to be managed atomically
};

typedef struct shared_container_s shared_container_t;

#define CAST_shared(c) CAST(shared_container_t *, c)  // safer downcast
#define const_CAST_shared(c) CAST(const shared_container_t *, c)
#define movable_CAST_shared(c) movable_CAST(shared_container_t **, c)

/*
 * With copy_on_write = true
 *  Create a new shared container if the typecode is not SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE,
 * otherwise, increase the count
 * If copy_on_write = false, then clone.
 * Return NULL in case of failure.
 **/
container_t *get_copy_of_container(container_t *container, uint8_t *typecode,
                                   bool copy_on_write);

/* Frees a shared container (actually decrement its counter and only frees when
 * the counter falls to zero). */
void shared_container_free(shared_container_t *container);

/* extract a copy from the shared container, freeing the shared container if
there is just one instance left,
clone instances when the counter is higher than one
*/
container_t *shared_container_extract_copy(shared_container_t *container,
                                           uint8_t *typecode);

/* access to container underneath */
static inline const container_t *container_unwrap_shared(
    const container_t *candidate_shared_container, uint8_t *type) {
    if (*type == SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE) {
        *type = const_CAST_shared(candidate_shared_container)->typecode;
        assert(*type != SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE);
        return const_CAST_shared(candidate_shared_container)->container;
    } else {
        return candidate_shared_container;
    }
}

/* access to container underneath */
static inline container_t *container_mutable_unwrap_shared(container_t *c,
                                                           uint8_t *type) {
    if (*type == SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE) {  // the passed in container is shared
        *type = CAST_shared(c)->typecode;
        assert(*type != SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE);
        return CAST_shared(c)->container;  // return the enclosed container
    } else {
        return c;  // wasn't shared, so return as-is
    }
}

/* access to container underneath and queries its type */
static inline uint8_t get_container_type(const container_t *c, uint8_t type) {
    if (type == SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE) {
        return const_CAST_shared(c)->typecode;
    } else {
        return type;
    }
}

/**
 * Copies a container, requires a typecode. This allocates new memory, caller
 * is responsible for deallocation. If the container is not shared, then it is
 * physically cloned. Sharable containers are not cloneable.
 */
container_t *container_clone(const container_t *container, uint8_t typecode);

/* access to container underneath, cloning it if needed */
static inline container_t *get_writable_copy_if_shared(container_t *c,
                                                       uint8_t *type) {
    if (*type == SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE) {  // shared, return enclosed container
        return shared_container_extract_copy(CAST_shared(c), type);
    } else {
        return c;  // not shared, so return as-is
    }
}

/**
 * End of shared container code
 */

static const char *container_names[] = {"bitset", "array", "run", "shared"};
static const char *shared_container_names[] = {
    "bitset (shared)", "array (shared)", "run (shared)"};

// no matter what the initial container was, convert it to a bitset
// if a new container is produced, caller responsible for freeing the previous
// one
// container should not be a shared container
static inline bitset_container_t *container_to_bitset(container_t *c,
                                                      uint8_t typecode) {
    bitset_container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return CAST_bitset(c);  // nothing to do
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            result = bitset_container_from_array(CAST_array(c));
            return result;
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            result = bitset_container_from_run(CAST_run(c));
            return result;
        case SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return 0;  // unreached
}

/**
 * Get the container name from the typecode
 * (unused at time of writing)
 */
/*static inline const char *get_container_name(uint8_t typecode) {
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return container_names[0];
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return container_names[1];
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return container_names[2];
        case SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return container_names[3];
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return "unknown";
    }
}*/

static inline const char *get_full_container_name(const container_t *c,
                                                  uint8_t typecode) {
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return container_names[0];
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return container_names[1];
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return container_names[2];
        case SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            switch (const_CAST_shared(c)->typecode) {
                case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
                    return shared_container_names[0];
                case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
                    return shared_container_names[1];
                case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
                    return shared_container_names[2];
                default:
                    assert(false);
                    roaring_unreachable;
                    return "unknown";
            }
            break;
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return "unknown";
    }
    roaring_unreachable;
    return NULL;
}

/**
 * Get the container cardinality (number of elements), requires a  typecode
 */
static inline int container_get_cardinality(const container_t *c,
                                            uint8_t typecode) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &typecode);
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_cardinality(const_CAST_bitset(c));
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_cardinality(const_CAST_array(c));
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_cardinality(const_CAST_run(c));
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return 0;  // unreached
}

// returns true if a container is known to be full. Note that a lazy bitset
// container
// might be full without us knowing
static inline bool container_is_full(const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &typecode);
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_cardinality(const_CAST_bitset(c)) ==
                   (1 << 16);
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_cardinality(const_CAST_array(c)) ==
                   (1 << 16);
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c));
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return 0;  // unreached
}

static inline int container_shrink_to_fit(container_t *c, uint8_t type) {
    c = container_mutable_unwrap_shared(c, &type);
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return 0;  // no shrinking possible
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_shrink_to_fit(CAST_array(c));
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_shrink_to_fit(CAST_run(c));
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return 0;  // unreached
}

/**
 * make a container with a run of ones
 */
/* initially always use a run container, even if an array might be
 * marginally
 * smaller */
static inline container_t *container_range_of_ones(uint32_t range_start,
                                                   uint32_t range_end,
                                                   uint8_t *result_type) {
    assert(range_end >= range_start);
    uint64_t cardinality = range_end - range_start + 1;
    if (cardinality <= 2) {
        *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
        return array_container_create_range(range_start, range_end);
    } else {
        *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
        return run_container_create_range(range_start, range_end);
    }
}

/*  Create a container with all the values between in [min,max) at a
    distance k*step from min. */
static inline container_t *container_from_range(uint8_t *type, uint32_t min,
                                                uint32_t max, uint16_t step) {
    if (step == 0) return NULL;  // being paranoid
    if (step == 1) {
        return container_range_of_ones(min, max, type);
        // Note: the result is not always a run (need to check the cardinality)
        //*type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
        // return run_container_create_range(min, max);
    }
    int size = (max - min + step - 1) / step;
    if (size <= DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE) {  // array container
        *type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
        array_container_t *array = array_container_create_given_capacity(size);
        array_container_add_from_range(array, min, max, step);
        assert(array->cardinality == size);
        return array;
    } else {  // bitset container
        *type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
        bitset_container_t *bitset = bitset_container_create();
        bitset_container_add_from_range(bitset, min, max, step);
        assert(bitset->cardinality == size);
        return bitset;
    }
}

/**
 * "repair" the container after lazy operations.
 */
static inline container_t *container_repair_after_lazy(container_t *c,
                                                       uint8_t *type) {
    c = get_writable_copy_if_shared(c, type);  // !!! unnecessary cloning
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (*type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            bitset_container_t *bc = CAST_bitset(c);
            bc->cardinality = bitset_container_compute_cardinality(bc);
            if (bc->cardinality <= DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE) {
                result = array_container_from_bitset(bc);
                bitset_container_free(bc);
                *type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return result;
            }
            return c;
        }
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return c;  // nothing to do
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return convert_run_to_efficient_container_and_free(CAST_run(c),
                                                               type);
        case SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            assert(false);
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return 0;  // unreached
}

/**
 * Writes the underlying array to buf, outputs how many bytes were written.
 * This is meant to be byte-by-byte compatible with the Java and Go versions of
 * Roaring.
 * The number of bytes written should be
 * container_write(container, buf).
 *
 */
static inline int32_t container_write(const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode,
                                      char *buf) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &typecode);
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_write(const_CAST_bitset(c), buf);
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_write(const_CAST_array(c), buf);
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_write(const_CAST_run(c), buf);
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return 0;  // unreached
}

/**
 * Get the container size in bytes under portable serialization (see
 * container_write), requires a
 * typecode
 */
static inline int32_t container_size_in_bytes(const container_t *c,
                                              uint8_t typecode) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &typecode);
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_size_in_bytes(const_CAST_bitset(c));
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_size_in_bytes(const_CAST_array(c));
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_size_in_bytes(const_CAST_run(c));
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return 0;  // unreached
}

/**
 * print the container (useful for debugging), requires a  typecode
 */
void container_printf(const container_t *container, uint8_t typecode);

/**
 * print the content of the container as a comma-separated list of 32-bit values
 * starting at base, requires a  typecode
 */
void container_printf_as_uint32_array(const container_t *container,
                                      uint8_t typecode, uint32_t base);

bool container_internal_validate(const container_t *container, uint8_t typecode,
                                 const char **reason);

/**
 * Checks whether a container is not empty, requires a  typecode
 */
static inline bool container_nonzero_cardinality(const container_t *c,
                                                 uint8_t typecode) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &typecode);
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_const_nonzero_cardinality(
                const_CAST_bitset(c));
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_nonzero_cardinality(const_CAST_array(c));
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_nonzero_cardinality(const_CAST_run(c));
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return 0;  // unreached
}

/**
 * Recover memory from a container, requires a  typecode
 */
void container_free(container_t *container, uint8_t typecode);

/**
 * Convert a container to an array of values, requires a  typecode as well as a
 * "base" (most significant values)
 * Returns number of ints added.
 */
static inline int container_to_uint32_array(uint32_t *output,
                                            const container_t *c,
                                            uint8_t typecode, uint32_t base) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &typecode);
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_to_uint32_array(output,
                                                    const_CAST_bitset(c), base);
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_to_uint32_array(output, const_CAST_array(c),
                                                   base);
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_to_uint32_array(output, const_CAST_run(c),
                                                 base);
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return 0;  // unreached
}

/**
 * Add a value to a container, requires a  typecode, fills in new_typecode and
 * return (possibly different) container.
 * This function may allocate a new container, and caller is responsible for
 * memory deallocation
 */
static inline container_t *container_add(
    container_t *c, uint16_t val,
    uint8_t typecode,  // !!! should be second argument?
    uint8_t *new_typecode) {
    c = get_writable_copy_if_shared(c, &typecode);
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            bitset_container_set(CAST_bitset(c), val);
            *new_typecode = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return c;
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            array_container_t *ac = CAST_array(c);
            if (array_container_try_add(ac, val, DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE) != -1) {
                *new_typecode = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return ac;
            } else {
                bitset_container_t *bitset = bitset_container_from_array(ac);
                bitset_container_add(bitset, val);
                *new_typecode = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return bitset;
            }
        } break;
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            // per Java, no container type adjustments are done (revisit?)
            run_container_add(CAST_run(c), val);
            *new_typecode = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return c;
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;
    }
}

/**
 * Remove a value from a container, requires a  typecode, fills in new_typecode
 * and
 * return (possibly different) container.
 * This function may allocate a new container, and caller is responsible for
 * memory deallocation
 */
static inline container_t *container_remove(
    container_t *c, uint16_t val,
    uint8_t typecode,  // !!! should be second argument?
    uint8_t *new_typecode) {
    c = get_writable_copy_if_shared(c, &typecode);
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            if (bitset_container_remove(CAST_bitset(c), val)) {
                int card = bitset_container_cardinality(CAST_bitset(c));
                if (card <= DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE) {
                    *new_typecode = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                    return array_container_from_bitset(CAST_bitset(c));
                }
            }
            *new_typecode = typecode;
            return c;
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            *new_typecode = typecode;
            array_container_remove(CAST_array(c), val);
            return c;
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            // per Java, no container type adjustments are done (revisit?)
            run_container_remove(CAST_run(c), val);
            *new_typecode = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return c;
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;
    }
}

/**
 * Check whether a value is in a container, requires a typecode
 */
inline bool container_contains(
    const container_t *c, uint16_t val,
    uint8_t typecode  // !!! should be second argument?
) {
    if (typecode == SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE) {
        typecode = const_CAST_shared(c)->typecode;
        assert(typecode != SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE);
        c = const_CAST_shared(c)->container;
    }

    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_get(const_CAST_bitset(c), val);
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_contains(const_CAST_array(c), val);
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_contains(const_CAST_run(c), val);
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return false;
    }
}

/**
 * Check whether a range of values from range_start (included) to range_end
 * (excluded) is in a container, requires a typecode
 */
static inline bool container_contains_range(
    const container_t *c, uint32_t range_start, uint32_t range_end,
    uint8_t typecode  // !!! should be second argument?
) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &typecode);
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_get_range(const_CAST_bitset(c), range_start,
                                              range_end);
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_contains_range(const_CAST_array(c),
                                                  range_start, range_end);
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_contains_range(const_CAST_run(c), range_start,
                                                range_end);
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return false;
    }
}

/**
 * Returns true if the two containers have the same content. Note that
 * two containers having different types can be "equal" in this sense.
 */
static inline bool container_equals(const container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                    const container_t *c2, uint8_t type2) {
    c1 = container_unwrap_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            return bitset_container_equals(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                           const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            return run_container_equals_bitset(const_CAST_run(c2),
                                               const_CAST_bitset(c1));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            return run_container_equals_bitset(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                               const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            // java would always return false?
            return array_container_equal_bitset(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                                const_CAST_bitset(c1));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            // java would always return false?
            return array_container_equal_bitset(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                                const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            return run_container_equals_array(const_CAST_run(c2),
                                              const_CAST_array(c1));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            return run_container_equals_array(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                              const_CAST_array(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            return array_container_equals(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                          const_CAST_array(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            return run_container_equals(const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2));

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return false;
    }
}

/**
 * Returns true if the container c1 is a subset of the container c2. Note that
 * c1 can be a subset of c2 even if they have a different type.
 */
static inline bool container_is_subset(const container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                       const container_t *c2, uint8_t type2) {
    c1 = container_unwrap_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            return bitset_container_is_subset(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                              const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            return bitset_container_is_subset_run(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                                  const_CAST_run(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            return run_container_is_subset_bitset(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                                  const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            return false;  // by construction, size(c1) > size(c2)

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            return array_container_is_subset_bitset(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                                    const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            return array_container_is_subset_run(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                                 const_CAST_run(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            return run_container_is_subset_array(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                                 const_CAST_array(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            return array_container_is_subset(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                             const_CAST_array(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            return run_container_is_subset(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                           const_CAST_run(c2));

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return false;
    }
}

// macro-izations possibilities for generic non-inplace binary-op dispatch

/**
 * Compute intersection between two containers, generate a new container (having
 * type result_type), requires a typecode. This allocates new memory, caller
 * is responsible for deallocation.
 */
static inline container_t *container_and(const container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                         const container_t *c2, uint8_t type2,
                                         uint8_t *result_type) {
    c1 = container_unwrap_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            *result_type =
                bitset_bitset_container_intersection(
                    const_CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            result = array_container_create();
            array_container_intersection(
                const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_array(c2), CAST_array(result));
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;  // never bitset
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            result = run_container_create();
            run_container_intersection(const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2),
                                       CAST_run(result));
            return convert_run_to_efficient_container_and_free(CAST_run(result),
                                                               result_type);

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            result = array_container_create();
            array_bitset_container_intersection(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                                const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                                CAST_array(result));
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;  // never bitset
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            result = array_container_create();
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;  // never bitset
            array_bitset_container_intersection(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                                const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                                CAST_array(result));
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            *result_type =
                run_bitset_container_intersection(
                    const_CAST_run(c2), const_CAST_bitset(c1), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            *result_type =
                run_bitset_container_intersection(
                    const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            result = array_container_create();
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;  // never bitset
            array_run_container_intersection(
                const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_run(c2), CAST_array(result));
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            result = array_container_create();
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;  // never bitset
            array_run_container_intersection(
                const_CAST_array(c2), const_CAST_run(c1), CAST_array(result));
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;
    }
}

/**
 * Compute the size of the intersection between two containers.
 */
static inline int container_and_cardinality(const container_t *c1,
                                            uint8_t type1,
                                            const container_t *c2,
                                            uint8_t type2) {
    c1 = container_unwrap_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            return bitset_container_and_justcard(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                                 const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            return array_container_intersection_cardinality(
                const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_array(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            return run_container_intersection_cardinality(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                                          const_CAST_run(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            return array_bitset_container_intersection_cardinality(
                const_CAST_array(c2), const_CAST_bitset(c1));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            return array_bitset_container_intersection_cardinality(
                const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            return run_bitset_container_intersection_cardinality(
                const_CAST_run(c2), const_CAST_bitset(c1));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            return run_bitset_container_intersection_cardinality(
                const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            return array_run_container_intersection_cardinality(
                const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_run(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            return array_run_container_intersection_cardinality(
                const_CAST_array(c2), const_CAST_run(c1));

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return 0;
    }
}

/**
 * Check whether two containers intersect.
 */
static inline bool container_intersect(const container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                       const container_t *c2, uint8_t type2) {
    c1 = container_unwrap_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            return bitset_container_intersect(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                              const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            return array_container_intersect(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                             const_CAST_array(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            return run_container_intersect(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                           const_CAST_run(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            return array_bitset_container_intersect(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                                    const_CAST_bitset(c1));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            return array_bitset_container_intersect(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                                    const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            return run_bitset_container_intersect(const_CAST_run(c2),
                                                  const_CAST_bitset(c1));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            return run_bitset_container_intersect(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                                  const_CAST_bitset(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            return array_run_container_intersect(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                                 const_CAST_run(c2));

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            return array_run_container_intersect(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                                 const_CAST_run(c1));

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return 0;
    }
}

/**
 * Compute intersection between two containers, with result in the first
 container if possible. If the returned pointer is identical to c1,
 then the container has been modified. If the returned pointer is different
 from c1, then a new container has been created and the caller is responsible
 for freeing it.
 The type of the first container may change. Returns the modified
 (and possibly new) container.
*/
static inline container_t *container_iand(container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                          const container_t *c2, uint8_t type2,
                                          uint8_t *result_type) {
    c1 = get_writable_copy_if_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            *result_type = bitset_bitset_container_intersection_inplace(
                               CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            array_container_intersection_inplace(CAST_array(c1),
                                                 const_CAST_array(c2));
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            result = run_container_create();
            run_container_intersection(const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2),
                                       CAST_run(result));
            // as of January 2016, Java code used non-in-place intersection for
            // two runcontainers
            return convert_run_to_efficient_container_and_free(CAST_run(result),
                                                               result_type);

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            // c1 is a bitmap so no inplace possible
            result = array_container_create();
            array_bitset_container_intersection(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                                const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                                CAST_array(result));
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;  // never bitset
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;  // never bitset
            array_bitset_container_intersection(
                const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                CAST_array(c1));  // result is allowed to be same as c1
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            // will attempt in-place computation
            *result_type = run_bitset_container_intersection(
                               const_CAST_run(c2), const_CAST_bitset(c1), &c1)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            *result_type =
                run_bitset_container_intersection(
                    const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            result = array_container_create();
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;  // never bitset
            array_run_container_intersection(
                const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_run(c2), CAST_array(result));
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            result = array_container_create();
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;  // never bitset
            array_run_container_intersection(
                const_CAST_array(c2), const_CAST_run(c1), CAST_array(result));
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;
    }
}

/**
 * Compute union between two containers, generate a new container (having type
 * result_type), requires a typecode. This allocates new memory, caller
 * is responsible for deallocation.
 */
static inline container_t *container_or(const container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                        const container_t *c2, uint8_t type2,
                                        uint8_t *result_type) {
    c1 = container_unwrap_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            result = bitset_container_create();
            bitset_container_or(const_CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                CAST_bitset(result));
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            *result_type =
                array_array_container_union(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                            const_CAST_array(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            result = run_container_create();
            run_container_union(const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2),
                                CAST_run(result));
            *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            // todo: could be optimized since will never convert to array
            result = convert_run_to_efficient_container_and_free(
                CAST_run(result), result_type);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            result = bitset_container_create();
            array_bitset_container_union(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                         const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                         CAST_bitset(result));
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            result = bitset_container_create();
            array_bitset_container_union(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                         const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                         CAST_bitset(result));
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            if (run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c2))) {
                result = run_container_create();
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                run_container_copy(const_CAST_run(c2), CAST_run(result));
                return result;
            }
            result = bitset_container_create();
            run_bitset_container_union(
                const_CAST_run(c2), const_CAST_bitset(c1), CAST_bitset(result));
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            if (run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c1))) {
                result = run_container_create();
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                run_container_copy(const_CAST_run(c1), CAST_run(result));
                return result;
            }
            result = bitset_container_create();
            run_bitset_container_union(
                const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), CAST_bitset(result));
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            result = run_container_create();
            array_run_container_union(const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_run(c2),
                                      CAST_run(result));
            result = convert_run_to_efficient_container_and_free(
                CAST_run(result), result_type);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            result = run_container_create();
            array_run_container_union(const_CAST_array(c2), const_CAST_run(c1),
                                      CAST_run(result));
            result = convert_run_to_efficient_container_and_free(
                CAST_run(result), result_type);
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;  // unreached
    }
}

/**
 * Compute union between two containers, generate a new container (having type
 * result_type), requires a typecode. This allocates new memory, caller
 * is responsible for deallocation.
 *
 * This lazy version delays some operations such as the maintenance of the
 * cardinality. It requires repair later on the generated containers.
 */
static inline container_t *container_lazy_or(const container_t *c1,
                                             uint8_t type1,
                                             const container_t *c2,
                                             uint8_t type2,
                                             uint8_t *result_type) {
    c1 = container_unwrap_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            result = bitset_container_create();
            bitset_container_or_nocard(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                       const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                       CAST_bitset(result));  // is lazy
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            *result_type =
                array_array_container_lazy_union(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                                 const_CAST_array(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            result = run_container_create();
            run_container_union(const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2),
                                CAST_run(result));
            *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            // we are being lazy
            result = convert_run_to_efficient_container_and_free(
                CAST_run(result), result_type);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            result = bitset_container_create();
            array_bitset_container_lazy_union(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                              const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                              CAST_bitset(result));  // is lazy
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            result = bitset_container_create();
            array_bitset_container_lazy_union(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                              const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                              CAST_bitset(result));  // is lazy
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            if (run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c2))) {
                result = run_container_create();
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                run_container_copy(const_CAST_run(c2), CAST_run(result));
                return result;
            }
            result = bitset_container_create();
            run_bitset_container_lazy_union(const_CAST_run(c2),
                                            const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                            CAST_bitset(result));  // is lazy
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            if (run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c1))) {
                result = run_container_create();
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                run_container_copy(const_CAST_run(c1), CAST_run(result));
                return result;
            }
            result = bitset_container_create();
            run_bitset_container_lazy_union(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                            const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                            CAST_bitset(result));  // is lazy
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            result = run_container_create();
            array_run_container_union(const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_run(c2),
                                      CAST_run(result));
            *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            // next line skipped since we are lazy
            // result = convert_run_to_efficient_container(result, result_type);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            result = run_container_create();
            array_run_container_union(const_CAST_array(c2), const_CAST_run(c1),
                                      CAST_run(result));  // TODO make lazy
            *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            // next line skipped since we are lazy
            // result = convert_run_to_efficient_container(result, result_type);
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;  // unreached
    }
}

/**
 * Compute the union between two containers, with result in the first container.
 * If the returned pointer is identical to c1, then the container has been
 * modified.
 * If the returned pointer is different from c1, then a new container has been
 * created and the caller is responsible for freeing it.
 * The type of the first container may change. Returns the modified
 * (and possibly new) container
 */
static inline container_t *container_ior(container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                         const container_t *c2, uint8_t type2,
                                         uint8_t *result_type) {
    c1 = get_writable_copy_if_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            bitset_container_or(const_CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                CAST_bitset(c1));
#ifdef OR_BITSET_CONVERSION_TO_FULL
            if (CAST_bitset(c1)->cardinality == (1 << 16)) {  // we convert
                result = run_container_create_range(0, (1 << 16));
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return result;
            }
#endif
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            *result_type = array_array_container_inplace_union(
                               CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_array(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            if ((result == NULL) && (*result_type == ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE)) {
                return c1;  // the computation was done in-place!
            }
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            run_container_union_inplace(CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2));
            return convert_run_to_efficient_container(CAST_run(c1),
                                                      result_type);

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            array_bitset_container_union(
                const_CAST_array(c2), const_CAST_bitset(c1), CAST_bitset(c1));
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;  // never array
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            // c1 is an array, so no in-place possible
            result = bitset_container_create();
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            array_bitset_container_union(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                         const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                         CAST_bitset(result));
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            if (run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c2))) {
                result = run_container_create();
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                run_container_copy(const_CAST_run(c2), CAST_run(result));
                return result;
            }
            run_bitset_container_union(const_CAST_run(c2),
                                       const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                       CAST_bitset(c1));  // allowed
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            if (run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c1))) {
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return c1;
            }
            result = bitset_container_create();
            run_bitset_container_union(
                const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), CAST_bitset(result));
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            result = run_container_create();
            array_run_container_union(const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_run(c2),
                                      CAST_run(result));
            result = convert_run_to_efficient_container_and_free(
                CAST_run(result), result_type);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            array_run_container_inplace_union(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                              CAST_run(c1));
            c1 = convert_run_to_efficient_container(CAST_run(c1), result_type);
            return c1;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;
    }
}

/**
 * Compute the union between two containers, with result in the first container.
 * If the returned pointer is identical to c1, then the container has been
 * modified.
 * If the returned pointer is different from c1, then a new container has been
 * created and the caller is responsible for freeing it.
 * The type of the first container may change. Returns the modified
 * (and possibly new) container
 *
 * This lazy version delays some operations such as the maintenance of the
 * cardinality. It requires repair later on the generated containers.
 */
static inline container_t *container_lazy_ior(container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                              const container_t *c2,
                                              uint8_t type2,
                                              uint8_t *result_type) {
    assert(type1 != SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE);
    // c1 = get_writable_copy_if_shared(c1,&type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
#ifdef LAZY_OR_BITSET_CONVERSION_TO_FULL
            // if we have two bitsets, we might as well compute the cardinality
            bitset_container_or(const_CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                CAST_bitset(c1));
            // it is possible that two bitsets can lead to a full container
            if (CAST_bitset(c1)->cardinality == (1 << 16)) {  // we convert
                result = run_container_create_range(0, (1 << 16));
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return result;
            }
#else
            bitset_container_or_nocard(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                       const_CAST_bitset(c2), CAST_bitset(c1));

#endif
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            *result_type = array_array_container_lazy_inplace_union(
                               CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_array(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            if ((result == NULL) && (*result_type == ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE)) {
                return c1;  // the computation was done in-place!
            }
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            run_container_union_inplace(CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2));
            *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return convert_run_to_efficient_container(CAST_run(c1),
                                                      result_type);

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            array_bitset_container_lazy_union(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                              const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                              CAST_bitset(c1));  // is lazy
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;                // never array
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            // c1 is an array, so no in-place possible
            result = bitset_container_create();
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            array_bitset_container_lazy_union(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                              const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                              CAST_bitset(result));  // is lazy
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            if (run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c2))) {
                result = run_container_create();
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                run_container_copy(const_CAST_run(c2), CAST_run(result));
                return result;
            }
            run_bitset_container_lazy_union(
                const_CAST_run(c2), const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                CAST_bitset(c1));  // allowed //  lazy
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            if (run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c1))) {
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return c1;
            }
            result = bitset_container_create();
            run_bitset_container_lazy_union(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                            const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                            CAST_bitset(result));  //  lazy
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            result = run_container_create();
            array_run_container_union(const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_run(c2),
                                      CAST_run(result));
            *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            // next line skipped since we are lazy
            // result = convert_run_to_efficient_container_and_free(result,
            // result_type);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            array_run_container_inplace_union(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                              CAST_run(c1));
            *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            // next line skipped since we are lazy
            // result = convert_run_to_efficient_container_and_free(result,
            // result_type);
            return c1;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;
    }
}

/**
 * Compute symmetric difference (xor) between two containers, generate a new
 * container (having type result_type), requires a typecode. This allocates new
 * memory, caller is responsible for deallocation.
 */
static inline container_t *container_xor(const container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                         const container_t *c2, uint8_t type2,
                                         uint8_t *result_type) {
    c1 = container_unwrap_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            *result_type =
                bitset_bitset_container_xor(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                            const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            *result_type =
                array_array_container_xor(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                          const_CAST_array(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            *result_type = (uint8_t)run_run_container_xor(
                const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2), &result);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            *result_type =
                array_bitset_container_xor(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                           const_CAST_bitset(c1), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            *result_type =
                array_bitset_container_xor(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                           const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            *result_type =
                run_bitset_container_xor(const_CAST_run(c2),
                                         const_CAST_bitset(c1), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            *result_type =
                run_bitset_container_xor(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                         const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            *result_type = (uint8_t)array_run_container_xor(
                const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_run(c2), &result);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            *result_type = (uint8_t)array_run_container_xor(
                const_CAST_array(c2), const_CAST_run(c1), &result);
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;  // unreached
    }
}

/* Applies an offset to the non-empty container 'c'.
 * The results are stored in new containers returned via 'lo' and 'hi', for the
 * low and high halves of the result (where the low half matches the original
 * key and the high one corresponds to values for the following key). Either one
 * of 'lo' and 'hi' are allowed to be 'NULL', but not both. Whenever one of them
 * is not 'NULL', it should point to a 'NULL' container. Whenever one of them is
 * 'NULL' the shifted elements for that part will not be computed. If either of
 * the resulting containers turns out to be empty, the pointed container will
 * remain 'NULL'.
 */
static inline void container_add_offset(const container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                        container_t **lo, container_t **hi,
                                        uint16_t offset) {
    assert(offset != 0);
    assert(container_nonzero_cardinality(c, type));
    assert(lo != NULL || hi != NULL);
    assert(lo == NULL || *lo == NULL);
    assert(hi == NULL || *hi == NULL);

    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            bitset_container_offset(const_CAST_bitset(c), lo, hi, offset);
            break;
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            array_container_offset(const_CAST_array(c), lo, hi, offset);
            break;
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            run_container_offset(const_CAST_run(c), lo, hi, offset);
            break;
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            break;
    }
}

/**
 * Compute xor between two containers, generate a new container (having type
 * result_type), requires a typecode. This allocates new memory, caller
 * is responsible for deallocation.
 *
 * This lazy version delays some operations such as the maintenance of the
 * cardinality. It requires repair later on the generated containers.
 */
static inline container_t *container_lazy_xor(const container_t *c1,
                                              uint8_t type1,
                                              const container_t *c2,
                                              uint8_t type2,
                                              uint8_t *result_type) {
    c1 = container_unwrap_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            result = bitset_container_create();
            bitset_container_xor_nocard(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                        const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                        CAST_bitset(result));  // is lazy
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            *result_type =
                array_array_container_lazy_xor(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                               const_CAST_array(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            // nothing special done yet.
            *result_type = (uint8_t)run_run_container_xor(
                const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2), &result);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            result = bitset_container_create();
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            array_bitset_container_lazy_xor(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                            const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                            CAST_bitset(result));
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            result = bitset_container_create();
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            array_bitset_container_lazy_xor(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                            const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                            CAST_bitset(result));
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            result = bitset_container_create();
            run_bitset_container_lazy_xor(
                const_CAST_run(c2), const_CAST_bitset(c1), CAST_bitset(result));
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            result = bitset_container_create();
            run_bitset_container_lazy_xor(
                const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), CAST_bitset(result));
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            result = run_container_create();
            array_run_container_lazy_xor(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                         const_CAST_run(c2), CAST_run(result));
            *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            // next line skipped since we are lazy
            // result = convert_run_to_efficient_container(result, result_type);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            result = run_container_create();
            array_run_container_lazy_xor(const_CAST_array(c2),
                                         const_CAST_run(c1), CAST_run(result));
            *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            // next line skipped since we are lazy
            // result = convert_run_to_efficient_container(result, result_type);
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;  // unreached
    }
}

/**
 * Compute the xor between two containers, with result in the first container.
 * If the returned pointer is identical to c1, then the container has been
 * modified.
 * If the returned pointer is different from c1, then a new container has been
 * created. The original container is freed by container_ixor.
 * The type of the first container may change. Returns the modified (and
 * possibly new) container.
 */
static inline container_t *container_ixor(container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                          const container_t *c2, uint8_t type2,
                                          uint8_t *result_type) {
    c1 = get_writable_copy_if_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            *result_type = bitset_bitset_container_ixor(
                               CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            *result_type = array_array_container_ixor(
                               CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_array(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            *result_type = (uint8_t)run_run_container_ixor(
                CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2), &result);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            *result_type = bitset_array_container_ixor(
                               CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_array(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            *result_type = array_bitset_container_ixor(
                               CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            *result_type = bitset_run_container_ixor(
                               CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_run(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;

            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            *result_type = run_bitset_container_ixor(
                               CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            *result_type = (uint8_t)array_run_container_ixor(
                CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_run(c2), &result);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            *result_type = (uint8_t)run_array_container_ixor(
                CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_array(c2), &result);
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;
    }
}

/**
 * Compute the xor between two containers, with result in the first container.
 * If the returned pointer is identical to c1, then the container has been
 * modified.
 * If the returned pointer is different from c1, then a new container has been
 * created and the caller is responsible for freeing it.
 * The type of the first container may change. Returns the modified
 * (and possibly new) container
 *
 * This lazy version delays some operations such as the maintenance of the
 * cardinality. It requires repair later on the generated containers.
 */
static inline container_t *container_lazy_ixor(container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                               const container_t *c2,
                                               uint8_t type2,
                                               uint8_t *result_type) {
    assert(type1 != SHARED_CONTAINER_TYPE);
    // c1 = get_writable_copy_if_shared(c1,&type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            bitset_container_xor_nocard(CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                        CAST_bitset(c1));  // is lazy
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return c1;

        // TODO: other cases being lazy, esp. when we know inplace not likely
        // could see the corresponding code for union
        default:
            // we may have a dirty bitset (without a precomputed cardinality)
            // and calling container_ixor on it might be unsafe.
            if (type1 == BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE) {
                bitset_container_t *bc = CAST_bitset(c1);
                if (bc->cardinality == BITSET_UNKNOWN_CARDINALITY) {
                    bc->cardinality = bitset_container_compute_cardinality(bc);
                }
            }
            return container_ixor(c1, type1, c2, type2, result_type);
    }
}

/**
 * Compute difference (andnot) between two containers, generate a new
 * container (having type result_type), requires a typecode. This allocates new
 * memory, caller is responsible for deallocation.
 */
static inline container_t *container_andnot(const container_t *c1,
                                            uint8_t type1,
                                            const container_t *c2,
                                            uint8_t type2,
                                            uint8_t *result_type) {
    c1 = container_unwrap_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            *result_type =
                bitset_bitset_container_andnot(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                               const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            result = array_container_create();
            array_array_container_andnot(
                const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_array(c2), CAST_array(result));
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            if (run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c2))) {
                result = array_container_create();
                *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return result;
            }
            *result_type = (uint8_t)run_run_container_andnot(
                const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2), &result);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            *result_type =
                bitset_array_container_andnot(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                              const_CAST_array(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            result = array_container_create();
            array_bitset_container_andnot(const_CAST_array(c1),
                                          const_CAST_bitset(c2),
                                          CAST_array(result));
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            if (run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c2))) {
                result = array_container_create();
                *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return result;
            }
            *result_type =
                bitset_run_container_andnot(const_CAST_bitset(c1),
                                            const_CAST_run(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            *result_type =
                run_bitset_container_andnot(const_CAST_run(c1),
                                            const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            if (run_container_is_full(const_CAST_run(c2))) {
                result = array_container_create();
                *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return result;
            }
            result = array_container_create();
            array_run_container_andnot(const_CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_run(c2),
                                       CAST_array(result));
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            *result_type = (uint8_t)run_array_container_andnot(
                const_CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_array(c2), &result);
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;  // unreached
    }
}

/**
 * Compute the andnot between two containers, with result in the first
 * container.
 * If the returned pointer is identical to c1, then the container has been
 * modified.
 * If the returned pointer is different from c1, then a new container has been
 * created. The original container is freed by container_iandnot.
 * The type of the first container may change. Returns the modified (and
 * possibly new) container.
 */
static inline container_t *container_iandnot(container_t *c1, uint8_t type1,
                                             const container_t *c2,
                                             uint8_t type2,
                                             uint8_t *result_type) {
    c1 = get_writable_copy_if_shared(c1, &type1);
    c2 = container_unwrap_shared(c2, &type2);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (PAIR_CONTAINER_TYPES(type1, type2)) {
        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, BITSET):
            *result_type = bitset_bitset_container_iandnot(
                               CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, ARRAY):
            array_array_container_iandnot(CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_array(c2));
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, RUN):
            *result_type = (uint8_t)run_run_container_iandnot(
                CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_run(c2), &result);
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, ARRAY):
            *result_type = bitset_array_container_iandnot(
                               CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_array(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, BITSET):
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            array_bitset_container_iandnot(CAST_array(c1),
                                           const_CAST_bitset(c2));
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(BITSET, RUN):
            *result_type = bitset_run_container_iandnot(
                               CAST_bitset(c1), const_CAST_run(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, BITSET):
            *result_type = run_bitset_container_iandnot(
                               CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_bitset(c2), &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(ARRAY, RUN):
            *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            array_run_container_iandnot(CAST_array(c1), const_CAST_run(c2));
            return c1;

        case CONTAINER_PAIR(RUN, ARRAY):
            *result_type = (uint8_t)run_array_container_iandnot(
                CAST_run(c1), const_CAST_array(c2), &result);
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return NULL;
    }
}

/**
 * Visit all values x of the container once, passing (base+x,ptr)
 * to iterator. You need to specify a container and its type.
 * Returns true if the iteration should continue.
 */
static inline bool container_iterate(const container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                     uint32_t base, roaring_iterator iterator,
                                     void *ptr) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &type);
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_iterate(const_CAST_bitset(c), base,
                                            iterator, ptr);
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_iterate(const_CAST_array(c), base, iterator,
                                           ptr);
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_iterate(const_CAST_run(c), base, iterator,
                                         ptr);
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return false;
}

static inline bool container_iterate64(const container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                       uint32_t base,
                                       roaring_iterator64 iterator,
                                       uint64_t high_bits, void *ptr) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &type);
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_iterate64(const_CAST_bitset(c), base,
                                              iterator, high_bits, ptr);
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_iterate64(const_CAST_array(c), base,
                                             iterator, high_bits, ptr);
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_iterate64(const_CAST_run(c), base, iterator,
                                           high_bits, ptr);
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return false;
}

static inline container_t *container_not(const container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                         uint8_t *result_type) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &type);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            *result_type =
                bitset_container_negation(const_CAST_bitset(c), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            result = bitset_container_create();
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            array_container_negation(const_CAST_array(c), CAST_bitset(result));
            return result;
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            *result_type =
                (uint8_t)run_container_negation(const_CAST_run(c), &result);
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return NULL;
}

static inline container_t *container_not_range(const container_t *c,
                                               uint8_t type,
                                               uint32_t range_start,
                                               uint32_t range_end,
                                               uint8_t *result_type) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &type);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            *result_type =
                bitset_container_negation_range(const_CAST_bitset(c),
                                                range_start, range_end, &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            *result_type =
                array_container_negation_range(const_CAST_array(c), range_start,
                                               range_end, &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            *result_type = (uint8_t)run_container_negation_range(
                const_CAST_run(c), range_start, range_end, &result);
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return NULL;
}

static inline container_t *container_inot(container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                          uint8_t *result_type) {
    c = get_writable_copy_if_shared(c, &type);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            *result_type =
                bitset_container_negation_inplace(CAST_bitset(c), &result)
                    ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                    : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            // will never be inplace
            result = bitset_container_create();
            *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            array_container_negation(CAST_array(c), CAST_bitset(result));
            array_container_free(CAST_array(c));
            return result;
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            *result_type =
                (uint8_t)run_container_negation_inplace(CAST_run(c), &result);
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return NULL;
}

static inline container_t *container_inot_range(container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                                uint32_t range_start,
                                                uint32_t range_end,
                                                uint8_t *result_type) {
    c = get_writable_copy_if_shared(c, &type);
    container_t *result = NULL;
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            *result_type = bitset_container_negation_range_inplace(
                               CAST_bitset(c), range_start, range_end, &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            *result_type = array_container_negation_range_inplace(
                               CAST_array(c), range_start, range_end, &result)
                               ? BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE
                               : ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
            return result;
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            *result_type = (uint8_t)run_container_negation_range_inplace(
                CAST_run(c), range_start, range_end, &result);
            return result;

        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return NULL;
}

/**
 * If the element of given rank is in this container, supposing that
 * the first
 * element has rank start_rank, then the function returns true and
 * sets element
 * accordingly.
 * Otherwise, it returns false and update start_rank.
 */
static inline bool container_select(const container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                    uint32_t *start_rank, uint32_t rank,
                                    uint32_t *element) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &type);
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_select(const_CAST_bitset(c), start_rank,
                                           rank, element);
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_select(const_CAST_array(c), start_rank, rank,
                                          element);
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_select(const_CAST_run(c), start_rank, rank,
                                        element);
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return false;
}

static inline uint16_t container_maximum(const container_t *c, uint8_t type) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &type);
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_maximum(const_CAST_bitset(c));
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_maximum(const_CAST_array(c));
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_maximum(const_CAST_run(c));
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return false;
}

static inline uint16_t container_minimum(const container_t *c, uint8_t type) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &type);
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_minimum(const_CAST_bitset(c));
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_minimum(const_CAST_array(c));
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_minimum(const_CAST_run(c));
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return false;
}

// number of values smaller or equal to x
static inline int container_rank(const container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                 uint16_t x) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &type);
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_rank(const_CAST_bitset(c), x);
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_rank(const_CAST_array(c), x);
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_rank(const_CAST_run(c), x);
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return false;
}

// bulk version of container_rank(); return number of consumed elements
static inline uint32_t container_rank_many(const container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                           uint64_t start_rank,
                                           const uint32_t *begin,
                                           const uint32_t *end, uint64_t *ans) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &type);
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_rank_many(const_CAST_bitset(c), start_rank,
                                              begin, end, ans);
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_rank_many(const_CAST_array(c), start_rank,
                                             begin, end, ans);
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_rank_many(const_CAST_run(c), start_rank, begin,
                                           end, ans);
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return 0;
}

// return the index of x, if not exsist return -1
static inline int container_get_index(const container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                      uint16_t x) {
    c = container_unwrap_shared(c, &type);
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return bitset_container_get_index(const_CAST_bitset(c), x);
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return array_container_get_index(const_CAST_array(c), x);
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE:
            return run_container_get_index(const_CAST_run(c), x);
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
    assert(false);
    roaring_unreachable;
    return false;
}

/**
 * Add all values in range [min, max] to a given container.
 *
 * If the returned pointer is different from $container, then a new container
 * has been created and the caller is responsible for freeing it.
 * The type of the first container may change. Returns the modified
 * (and possibly new) container.
 */
static inline container_t *container_add_range(container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                               uint32_t min, uint32_t max,
                                               uint8_t *result_type) {
    // NB: when selecting new container type, we perform only inexpensive checks
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            bitset_container_t *bitset = CAST_bitset(c);

            int32_t union_cardinality = 0;
            union_cardinality += bitset->cardinality;
            union_cardinality += max - min + 1;
            union_cardinality -=
                bitset_lenrange_cardinality(bitset->words, min, max - min);

            if (union_cardinality == INT32_C(0x10000)) {
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return run_container_create_range(0, INT32_C(0x10000));
            } else {
                *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                bitset_set_lenrange(bitset->words, min, max - min);
                bitset->cardinality = union_cardinality;
                return bitset;
            }
        }
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            array_container_t *array = CAST_array(c);

            int32_t nvals_greater =
                count_greater(array->array, array->cardinality, (uint16_t)max);
            int32_t nvals_less =
                count_less(array->array, array->cardinality - nvals_greater,
                           (uint16_t)min);
            int32_t union_cardinality =
                nvals_less + (max - min + 1) + nvals_greater;

            if (union_cardinality == INT32_C(0x10000)) {
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return run_container_create_range(0, INT32_C(0x10000));
            } else if (union_cardinality <= DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE) {
                *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                array_container_add_range_nvals(array, min, max, nvals_less,
                                                nvals_greater);
                return array;
            } else {
                *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                bitset_container_t *bitset = bitset_container_from_array(array);
                bitset_set_lenrange(bitset->words, min, max - min);
                bitset->cardinality = union_cardinality;
                return bitset;
            }
        }
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            run_container_t *run = CAST_run(c);

            int32_t nruns_greater =
                rle16_count_greater(run->runs, run->n_runs, (uint16_t)max);
            int32_t nruns_less = rle16_count_less(
                run->runs, run->n_runs - nruns_greater, (uint16_t)min);

            int32_t run_size_bytes =
                (nruns_less + 1 + nruns_greater) * sizeof(rle16_t);
            int32_t bitset_size_bytes =
                BITSET_CONTAINER_SIZE_IN_WORDS * sizeof(uint64_t);

            if (run_size_bytes <= bitset_size_bytes) {
                run_container_add_range_nruns(run, min, max, nruns_less,
                                              nruns_greater);
                *result_type = RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                return run;
            } else {
                return container_from_run_range(run, min, max, result_type);
            }
        }
        default:
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
}

/*
 * Removes all elements in range [min, max].
 * Returns one of:
 *   - NULL if no elements left
 *   - pointer to the original container
 *   - pointer to a newly-allocated container (if it is more efficient)
 *
 * If the returned pointer is different from $container, then a new container
 * has been created and the caller is responsible for freeing the original
 * container.
 */
static inline container_t *container_remove_range(container_t *c, uint8_t type,
                                                  uint32_t min, uint32_t max,
                                                  uint8_t *result_type) {
    switch (type) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            bitset_container_t *bitset = CAST_bitset(c);

            int32_t result_cardinality =
                bitset->cardinality -
                bitset_lenrange_cardinality(bitset->words, min, max - min);

            if (result_cardinality == 0) {
                return NULL;
            } else if (result_cardinality <= DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE) {
                *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                bitset_reset_range(bitset->words, min, max + 1);
                bitset->cardinality = result_cardinality;
                return array_container_from_bitset(bitset);
            } else {
                *result_type = BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                bitset_reset_range(bitset->words, min, max + 1);
                bitset->cardinality = result_cardinality;
                return bitset;
            }
        }
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            array_container_t *array = CAST_array(c);

            int32_t nvals_greater =
                count_greater(array->array, array->cardinality, (uint16_t)max);
            int32_t nvals_less =
                count_less(array->array, array->cardinality - nvals_greater,
                           (uint16_t)min);
            int32_t result_cardinality = nvals_less + nvals_greater;

            if (result_cardinality == 0) {
                return NULL;
            } else {
                *result_type = ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE;
                array_container_remove_range(
                    array, nvals_less, array->cardinality - result_cardinality);
                return array;
            }
        }
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            run_container_t *run = CAST_run(c);

            if (run->n_runs == 0) {
                return NULL;
            }
            if (min <= run_container_minimum(run) &&
                max >= run_container_maximum(run)) {
                return NULL;
            }

            run_container_remove_range(run, min, max);
            return convert_run_to_efficient_container(run, result_type);
        }
        default:
            roaring_unreachable;
    }
}

#ifdef __cplusplus
using api::roaring_container_iterator_t;
#endif

/**
 * Initializes the iterator at the first entry in the container.
 */
roaring_container_iterator_t container_init_iterator(const container_t *c,
                                                     uint8_t typecode,
                                                     uint16_t *value);

/**
 * Initializes the iterator at the last entry in the container.
 */
roaring_container_iterator_t container_init_iterator_last(const container_t *c,
                                                          uint8_t typecode,
                                                          uint16_t *value);

/**
 * Moves the iterator to the next entry. Returns true and sets `value` if a
 * value is present.
 */
CROARING_ALLOW_UNALIGNED
inline bool container_iterator_next(const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode,
                                    roaring_container_iterator_t *it,
                                    uint16_t *value) {
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            const bitset_container_t *bc = const_CAST_bitset(c);
            it->index++;

            uint32_t wordindex = it->index / 64;
            if (wordindex >= BITSET_CONTAINER_SIZE_IN_WORDS) {
                return false;
            }

            uint64_t word =
                bc->words[wordindex] & (UINT64_MAX << (it->index % 64));
            // next part could be optimized/simplified
            while (word == 0 &&
                   (wordindex + 1 < BITSET_CONTAINER_SIZE_IN_WORDS)) {
                wordindex++;
                word = bc->words[wordindex];
            }
            if (word != 0) {
                it->index = wordindex * 64 + roaring_trailing_zeroes(word);
                *value = it->index;
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            const array_container_t *ac = const_CAST_array(c);
            it->index++;
            if (it->index < ac->cardinality) {
                *value = ac->array[it->index];
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            if (*value == UINT16_MAX) {  // Avoid overflow to zero
                return false;
            }

            const run_container_t *rc = const_CAST_run(c);
            uint32_t limit =
                rc->runs[it->index].value + rc->runs[it->index].length;
            if (*value < limit) {
                (*value)++;
                return true;
            }

            it->index++;
            if (it->index < rc->n_runs) {
                *value = rc->runs[it->index].value;
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return false;
    }
}

/**
 * Moves the iterator to the previous entry. Returns true and sets `value` if a
 * value is present.
 */
CROARING_ALLOW_UNALIGNED
inline bool container_iterator_prev(const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode,
                                    roaring_container_iterator_t *it,
                                    uint16_t *value) {
    switch (typecode) {
        case BITSET_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            if (--it->index < 0) {
                return false;
            }

            const bitset_container_t *bc = const_CAST_bitset(c);
            int32_t wordindex = it->index / 64;
            uint64_t word =
                bc->words[wordindex] & (UINT64_MAX >> (63 - (it->index % 64)));

            while (word == 0 && --wordindex >= 0) {
                word = bc->words[wordindex];
            }
            if (word == 0) {
                return false;
            }

            it->index = (wordindex * 64) + (63 - roaring_leading_zeroes(word));
            *value = it->index;
            return true;
        }
        case ARRAY_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            if (--it->index < 0) {
                return false;
            }
            const array_container_t *ac = const_CAST_array(c);
            *value = ac->array[it->index];
            return true;
        }
        case RUN_CONTAINER_TYPE: {
            if (*value == 0) {
                return false;
            }

            const run_container_t *rc = const_CAST_run(c);
            (*value)--;
            if (*value >= rc->runs[it->index].value) {
                return true;
            }

            if (--it->index < 0) {
                return false;
            }

            *value = rc->runs[it->index].value + rc->runs[it->index].length;
            return true;
        }
        default:
            assert(false);
            roaring_unreachable;
            return false;
    }
}

/**
 * Moves the iterator to the smallest entry that is greater than or equal to
 * `val`. Returns true and sets `value_out` if a value is present. `value_out`
 * should be initialized to a value.
 */
bool container_iterator_lower_bound(const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode,
                                    roaring_container_iterator_t *it,
                                    uint16_t *value_out, uint16_t val);

/**
 * Reads up to `count` entries from the container, and writes them into `buf`
 * as `high16 | entry`. Returns true and sets `value_out` if a value is present
 * after reading the entries. Sets `consumed` to the number of values read.
 * `count` should be greater than zero.
 */
bool container_iterator_read_into_uint32(const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode,
                                         roaring_container_iterator_t *it,
                                         uint32_t high16, uint32_t *buf,
                                         uint32_t count, uint32_t *consumed,
                                         uint16_t *value_out);

/**
 * Reads up to `count` entries from the container, and writes them into `buf`
 * as `high48 | entry`. Returns true and sets `value_out` if a value is present
 * after reading the entries. Sets `consumed` to the number of values read.
 * `count` should be greater than zero.
 */
bool container_iterator_read_into_uint64(const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode,
                                         roaring_container_iterator_t *it,
                                         uint64_t high48, uint64_t *buf,
                                         uint32_t count, uint32_t *consumed,
                                         uint16_t *value_out);

/**
 * Reads up to `count` entries backward from the container, writing them into
 * `buf` as `high16 | entry` in descending order. Returns true and sets
 * `value_out` if a value is present before the entries read. Sets `consumed`
 * to the number of values read. `count` should be greater than zero.
 *
 * `value_out` must be initialized to the current value yielded by the iterator.
 */
bool container_iterator_read_backward_into_uint32(
    const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode, roaring_container_iterator_t *it,
    uint32_t high16, uint32_t *buf, uint32_t count, uint32_t *consumed,
    uint16_t *value_out);

/**
 * Reads up to `count` entries backward from the container, writing them into
 * `buf` as `high48 | entry` in descending order. Returns true and sets
 * `value_out` if a value is present before the entries read. Sets `consumed`
 * to the number of values read. `count` should be greater than zero.
 *
 * `value_out` must be initialized to the current value yielded by the iterator.
 */
bool container_iterator_read_backward_into_uint64(
    const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode, roaring_container_iterator_t *it,
    uint64_t high48, uint64_t *buf, uint32_t count, uint32_t *consumed,
    uint16_t *value_out);

/**
 * Skips the next `skip_count` entries in the container iterator. Returns true
 * and sets `value_out` if a value is present after skipping. Returns false if
 * the end of the container is reached during the skip operation. Sets
 * consumed_count to the number of values actually skipped (which may be less
 * than skip_count if the end of the container is reached).
 *
 * value_out must be initialized to the previous value yielded by the iterator.
 *
 * skip_count must be greater than zero.
 */
bool container_iterator_skip(const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode,
                             roaring_container_iterator_t *it,
                             uint32_t skip_count, uint32_t *consumed_count,
                             uint16_t *value_out);

/**
 * Skips the previous `skip_count` entries in the container iterator (moves
 * backwards). Returns true and sets `value_out` if a value is present after
 * skipping backwards. Returns false if the beginning of the container is
 * reached during the skip operation. Sets consumed_count to the number of
 * values actually skipped backwards (which may be less than skip_count if
 * the beginning of the container is reached).
 *
 * value_out must be initialized to the current value yielded by the iterator.
 *
 * skip_count must be greater than zero.
 */
bool container_iterator_skip_backward(const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode,
                                      roaring_container_iterator_t *it,
                                      uint32_t skip_count,
                                      uint32_t *consumed_count,
                                      uint16_t *value_out);

/**
 * Finds the end of the consecutive run starting at the current iterator
 * position within a container. Returns the low16 of the last consecutive
 * value. If there are more values in the container after the run,
 * *has_more is set to true, the iterator is positioned at the next value,
 * and *value is updated to that value. Otherwise *has_more is set to false.
 *
 * *value must be the low 16 bits of the current value at the iterator's
 * position on entry.
 */
uint16_t container_iterator_find_run_end(const container_t *c, uint8_t typecode,
                                         roaring_container_iterator_t *it,
                                         uint16_t *value, bool *has_more);

/**
 * Finds the start of the consecutive run ending at the current iterator
 * position within a container. Returns the low16 of the first consecutive
 * value. If there are more values in the container before the run,
 * *has_more is set to true, the iterator is positioned at the previous value,
 * and *value is updated to that value. Otherwise *has_more is set to false.
 *
 * *value must be the low 16 bits of the current value at the iterator's
 * position on entry.
 */
uint16_t container_iterator_find_run_start(const container_t *c,
                                           uint8_t typecode,
                                           roaring_container_iterator_t *it,
                                           uint16_t *value, bool *has_more);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace internal {
#endif

#endif
/* end file include/roaring/containers/containers.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/roaring_array.h */
/*
 * roaring_array.h
 *
 * This file declares the roaring_array helper structure and the operations
 * used to manage it. A roaring array is the top-level index used by a 32-bit
 * Roaring bitmap: it stores sorted 16-bit high keys alongside the container
 * pointers and type codes associated with each key.
 *
 * In effect, it is the directory that maps each populated 16-bit chunk of the
 * 32-bit value space to the container holding that chunk's low 16-bit values.
 * The functions in this header handle allocation, lookup, insertion,
 * replacement, copying, serialization support, and structural updates on that
 * directory.
 */
#ifndef INCLUDE_ROARING_ARRAY_H
#define INCLUDE_ROARING_ARRAY_H

#include <assert.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {

// Note: in pure C++ code, you should avoid putting `using` in header files
using api::roaring_array_t;

namespace internal {
#endif

enum {
    SERIAL_COOKIE_NO_RUNCONTAINER = 12346,
    SERIAL_COOKIE = 12347,
    FROZEN_COOKIE = 13766,
    NO_OFFSET_THRESHOLD = 4
};

/**
 * Create a new roaring array
 */
roaring_array_t *ra_create(void);

/**
 * Initialize an existing roaring array with the specified capacity (in number
 * of containers)
 */
bool ra_init_with_capacity(roaring_array_t *new_ra, uint32_t cap);

/**
 * Initialize with zero capacity
 */
void ra_init(roaring_array_t *t);

/**
 * Copies this roaring array, we assume that dest is not initialized
 */
bool ra_copy(const roaring_array_t *source, roaring_array_t *dest,
             bool copy_on_write);

/*
 * Shrinks the capacity, returns the number of bytes saved.
 */
int ra_shrink_to_fit(roaring_array_t *ra);

/**
 * Copies this roaring array, we assume that dest is initialized
 */
bool ra_overwrite(const roaring_array_t *source, roaring_array_t *dest,
                  bool copy_on_write);

/**
 * Frees the memory used by a roaring array
 */
void ra_clear(roaring_array_t *r);

/**
 * Frees the memory used by a roaring array, but does not free the containers
 */
void ra_clear_without_containers(roaring_array_t *r);

/**
 * Frees just the containers
 */
void ra_clear_containers(roaring_array_t *ra);

/**
 * Get the index corresponding to a 16-bit key
 */
inline int32_t ra_get_index(const roaring_array_t *ra, uint16_t x) {
    if ((ra->size == 0) || ra->keys[ra->size - 1] == x) return ra->size - 1;
    return binarySearch(ra->keys, (int32_t)ra->size, x);
}

/**
 * Retrieves the container at index i, filling in the typecode
 */
inline container_t *ra_get_container_at_index(const roaring_array_t *ra,
                                              uint16_t i, uint8_t *typecode) {
    *typecode = ra->typecodes[i];
    return ra->containers[i];
}

/**
 * Retrieves the key at index i
 */
inline uint16_t ra_get_key_at_index(const roaring_array_t *ra, uint16_t i) {
    return ra->keys[i];
}

/**
 * Add a new key-value pair at index i
 */
void ra_insert_new_key_value_at(roaring_array_t *ra, int32_t i, uint16_t key,
                                container_t *c, uint8_t typecode);

/**
 * Append a new key-value pair
 */
void ra_append(roaring_array_t *ra, uint16_t key, container_t *c,
               uint8_t typecode);

/**
 * Append a new key-value pair to ra, cloning (in COW sense) a value from sa
 * at index index
 */
void ra_append_copy(roaring_array_t *ra, const roaring_array_t *sa,
                    uint16_t index, bool copy_on_write);

/**
 * Append new key-value pairs to ra, cloning (in COW sense)  values from sa
 * at indexes
 * [start_index, end_index)
 */
void ra_append_copy_range(roaring_array_t *ra, const roaring_array_t *sa,
                          int32_t start_index, int32_t end_index,
                          bool copy_on_write);

/** appends from sa to ra, ending with the greatest key that is
 * is less or equal stopping_key
 */
void ra_append_copies_until(roaring_array_t *ra, const roaring_array_t *sa,
                            uint16_t stopping_key, bool copy_on_write);

/** appends from sa to ra, starting with the smallest key that is
 * is strictly greater than before_start
 */

void ra_append_copies_after(roaring_array_t *ra, const roaring_array_t *sa,
                            uint16_t before_start, bool copy_on_write);

/**
 * Move the key-value pairs to ra from sa at indexes
 * [start_index, end_index), old array should not be freed
 * (use ra_clear_without_containers)
 **/
void ra_append_move_range(roaring_array_t *ra, roaring_array_t *sa,
                          int32_t start_index, int32_t end_index);
/**
 * Append new key-value pairs to ra,  from sa at indexes
 * [start_index, end_index)
 */
void ra_append_range(roaring_array_t *ra, roaring_array_t *sa,
                     int32_t start_index, int32_t end_index,
                     bool copy_on_write);

/**
 * Set the container at the corresponding index using the specified
 * typecode.
 */
inline void ra_set_container_at_index(const roaring_array_t *ra, int32_t i,
                                      container_t *c, uint8_t typecode) {
    assert(i < ra->size);
    ra->containers[i] = c;
    ra->typecodes[i] = typecode;
}

container_t *ra_get_container(roaring_array_t *ra, uint16_t x,
                              uint8_t *typecode);

/**
 * If needed, increase the capacity of the array so that it can fit k values
 * (at
 * least);
 */
bool extend_array(roaring_array_t *ra, int32_t k);

inline int32_t ra_get_size(const roaring_array_t *ra) { return ra->size; }

static inline int32_t ra_advance_until(const roaring_array_t *ra, uint16_t x,
                                       int32_t pos) {
    return advanceUntil(ra->keys, pos, ra->size, x);
}

int32_t ra_advance_until_freeing(roaring_array_t *ra, uint16_t x, int32_t pos);

void ra_downsize(roaring_array_t *ra, int32_t new_length);

inline void ra_replace_key_and_container_at_index(roaring_array_t *ra,
                                                  int32_t i, uint16_t key,
                                                  container_t *c,
                                                  uint8_t typecode) {
    assert(i < ra->size);

    ra->keys[i] = key;
    ra->containers[i] = c;
    ra->typecodes[i] = typecode;
}

// write set bits to an array
void ra_to_uint32_array(const roaring_array_t *ra, uint32_t *ans);

/**
 * write a bitmap to a buffer. This is meant to be compatible with
 * the
 * Java and Go versions. Return the size in bytes of the serialized
 * output (which should be ra_portable_size_in_bytes(ra)).
 */
size_t ra_portable_serialize(const roaring_array_t *ra, char *buf);

/**
 * read a bitmap from a serialized version. This is meant to be compatible
 * with the Java and Go versions.
 * maxbytes  indicates how many bytes available from buf.
 * When the function returns true, roaring_array_t is populated with the data
 * and *readbytes indicates how many bytes were read. In all cases, if the
 * function returns true, then maxbytes >= *readbytes.
 */
bool ra_portable_deserialize(roaring_array_t *ra, const char *buf,
                             const size_t maxbytes, size_t *readbytes);

/**
 * Quickly checks whether there is a serialized bitmap at the pointer,
 * not exceeding size "maxbytes" in bytes. This function does not allocate
 * memory dynamically.
 *
 * This function returns 0 if and only if no valid bitmap is found.
 * Otherwise, it returns how many bytes are occupied by the bitmap data.
 */
size_t ra_portable_deserialize_size(const char *buf, const size_t maxbytes);

/**
 * How many bytes are required to serialize this bitmap (meant to be
 * compatible
 * with Java and Go versions)
 */
size_t ra_portable_size_in_bytes(const roaring_array_t *ra);

/**
 * return true if it contains at least one run container.
 */
bool ra_has_run_container(const roaring_array_t *ra);

/**
 * Size of the header when serializing (meant to be compatible
 * with Java and Go versions)
 */
uint32_t ra_portable_header_size(const roaring_array_t *ra);

/**
 * If the container at the index i is share, unshare it (creating a local
 * copy if needed).
 */
static inline void ra_unshare_container_at_index(roaring_array_t *ra,
                                                 uint16_t i) {
    assert(i < ra->size);
    ra->containers[i] =
        get_writable_copy_if_shared(ra->containers[i], &ra->typecodes[i]);
}

/**
 * remove at index i, sliding over all entries after i
 */
void ra_remove_at_index(roaring_array_t *ra, int32_t i);

/**
 * clears all containers, sets the size at 0 and shrinks the memory usage.
 */
void ra_reset(roaring_array_t *ra);

/**
 * remove at index i, sliding over all entries after i. Free removed container.
 */
void ra_remove_at_index_and_free(roaring_array_t *ra, int32_t i);

/**
 * remove a chunk of indices, sliding over entries after it
 */
// void ra_remove_index_range(roaring_array_t *ra, int32_t begin, int32_t end);

// used in inplace andNot only, to slide left the containers from
// the mutated RoaringBitmap that are after the largest container of
// the argument RoaringBitmap.  It is followed by a call to resize.
//
void ra_copy_range(roaring_array_t *ra, uint32_t begin, uint32_t end,
                   uint32_t new_begin);

/**
 * Shifts rightmost $count containers to the left (distance < 0) or
 * to the right (distance > 0).
 * Allocates memory if necessary.
 * This function doesn't free or create new containers.
 * Caller is responsible for that.
 */
void ra_shift_tail(roaring_array_t *ra, int32_t count, int32_t distance);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}  // namespace internal
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring {
#endif

#endif
/* end file include/roaring/roaring_array.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/roaring.h */
/*
 * An implementation of Roaring Bitmaps in C.
 *
 * This is the main public header for the 32-bit CRoaring API. A Roaring bitmap
 * represents a set of unsigned 32-bit integers by partitioning the value space
 * into 16-bit chunks and storing each chunk in a container chosen to match the
 * local data density. Sparse chunks are typically kept as sorted arrays,
 * denser chunks as bitsets, and long consecutive runs as run containers.
 *
 * This hybrid representation aims to keep bitmaps compact while still
 * supporting fast membership tests, iteration, rank/select queries,
 * serialization, and set operations such as union, intersection, difference,
 * and symmetric difference.
 */

#ifndef ROARING_H
#define ROARING_H

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stddef.h>  // for `size_t`
#include <stdint.h>


// Include other headers after roaring_types.h

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace api {
#endif

typedef struct roaring_bitmap_s {
    roaring_array_t high_low_container;
} roaring_bitmap_t;

/**
 * Dynamically allocates a new bitmap (initially empty).
 * Returns NULL if the allocation fails.
 * Capacity is a performance hint for how many "containers" the data will need.
 * Client is responsible for calling `roaring_bitmap_free()`.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_create_with_capacity(uint32_t cap);

/**
 * Dynamically allocates a new bitmap (initially empty).
 * Returns NULL if the allocation fails.
 * Client is responsible for calling `roaring_bitmap_free()`.
 */
inline roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_create(void) {
    return roaring_bitmap_create_with_capacity(0);
}

/**
 * Initialize a roaring bitmap structure in memory controlled by client.
 * Capacity is a performance hint for how many "containers" the data will need.
 * Can return false if auxiliary allocations fail when capacity greater than 0.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_init_with_capacity(roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t cap);

/**
 * Initialize a roaring bitmap structure in memory controlled by client.
 * The bitmap will be in a "clear" state, with no auxiliary allocations.
 * Since this performs no allocations, the function will not fail.
 */
inline void roaring_bitmap_init_cleared(roaring_bitmap_t *r) {
    roaring_bitmap_init_with_capacity(r, 0);
}

/**
 * Add all the values between min (included) and max (excluded) that are at a
 * distance k*step from min.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_from_range(uint64_t min, uint64_t max,
                                            uint32_t step);

/**
 * Creates a new bitmap from a pointer of uint32_t integers
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_of_ptr(size_t n_args, const uint32_t *vals);

/**
 * Check if the bitmap contains any shared containers.
 */
bool roaring_contains_shared(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Unshare all shared containers.
 * Returns true if any unsharing was performed, false if there were no shared
 * containers.
 */
bool roaring_unshare_all(roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/*
 * Whether you want to use copy-on-write.
 * Saves memory and avoids copies, but needs more care in a threaded context.
 * Most users should ignore this flag.
 *
 * Note: If you do turn this flag to 'true', enabling COW, then ensure that you
 * do so for all of your bitmaps, since interactions between bitmaps with and
 * without COW is unsafe.
 *
 * When setting this flag to false, if any containers are shared, they
 * are unshared (cloned) immediately.
 */
inline bool roaring_bitmap_get_copy_on_write(const roaring_bitmap_t *r) {
    return r->high_low_container.flags & ROARING_FLAG_COW;
}
inline void roaring_bitmap_set_copy_on_write(roaring_bitmap_t *r, bool cow) {
    if (cow) {
        r->high_low_container.flags |= ROARING_FLAG_COW;
    } else {
        if (roaring_bitmap_get_copy_on_write(r)) {
            roaring_unshare_all(r);
        }
        r->high_low_container.flags &= ~ROARING_FLAG_COW;
    }
}

/**
 * Return a copy of the bitmap with all values shifted by offset.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors. The caller is responsible
 * for freeing the return bitmap.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_add_offset(const roaring_bitmap_t *bm,
                                            int64_t offset);
/**
 * Describe the inner structure of the bitmap.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_printf_describe(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Creates a new bitmap from a list of uint32_t integers
 *
 * This function is deprecated, use `roaring_bitmap_from` instead, which
 * doesn't require the number of elements to be passed in.
 *
 * @see roaring_bitmap_from
 */
CROARING_DEPRECATED roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_of(size_t n, ...);

#ifdef __cplusplus
/**
 * Creates a new bitmap which contains all values passed in as arguments.
 *
 * To create a bitmap from a variable number of arguments, use the
 * `roaring_bitmap_of_ptr` function instead.
 */
// Use an immediately invoked closure, capturing by reference
// (in case __VA_ARGS__ refers to context outside the closure)
// Include a 0 at the beginning of the array to make the array length > 0
// (zero sized arrays are not valid in standard c/c++)
#define roaring_bitmap_from(...)                                              \
    [&]() {                                                                   \
        const uint32_t roaring_bitmap_from_array[] = {0, __VA_ARGS__};        \
        return roaring_bitmap_of_ptr((sizeof(roaring_bitmap_from_array) /     \
                                      sizeof(roaring_bitmap_from_array[0])) - \
                                         1,                                   \
                                     &roaring_bitmap_from_array[1]);          \
    }()
#else
/**
 * Creates a new bitmap which contains all values passed in as arguments.
 *
 * To create a bitmap from a variable number of arguments, use the
 * `roaring_bitmap_of_ptr` function instead.
 */
// While __VA_ARGS__ occurs twice in expansion, one of the times is in a sizeof
// expression, which is an unevaluated context, so it's even safe in the case
// where expressions passed have side effects (roaring64_bitmap_from(my_func(),
// ++i))
// Include a 0 at the beginning of the array to make the array length > 0
// (zero sized arrays are not valid in standard c/c++)
#define roaring_bitmap_from(...)                                             \
    roaring_bitmap_of_ptr(                                                   \
        (sizeof((const uint32_t[]){0, __VA_ARGS__}) / sizeof(uint32_t)) - 1, \
        &((const uint32_t[]){0, __VA_ARGS__})[1])
#endif

/**
 * Copies a bitmap (this does memory allocation).
 * The caller is responsible for memory management.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_copy(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Copies a bitmap from src to dest. It is assumed that the pointer dest
 * is to an already allocated bitmap. The content of the dest bitmap is
 * freed/deleted.
 *
 * It might be preferable and simpler to call roaring_bitmap_copy except
 * that roaring_bitmap_overwrite can save on memory allocations.
 *
 * Returns true if successful, or false if there was an error. On failure,
 * the dest bitmap is left in a valid, empty state (even if it was not empty
 * before).
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_overwrite(roaring_bitmap_t *dest,
                              const roaring_bitmap_t *src);

/**
 * Print the content of the bitmap.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_printf(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Computes the intersection between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap. The
 * caller is responsible for memory management.
 *
 * Performance hint: if you are computing the intersection between several
 * bitmaps, two-by-two, it is best to start with the smallest bitmap.
 * You may also rely on roaring_bitmap_and_inplace to avoid creating
 * many temporary bitmaps.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_and(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                     const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the size of the intersection between two bitmaps.
 */
uint64_t roaring_bitmap_and_cardinality(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                        const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Check whether two bitmaps intersect.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_intersect(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                              const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Check whether a bitmap and an open range intersect.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_intersect_with_range(const roaring_bitmap_t *bm, uint64_t x,
                                         uint64_t y);

/**
 * Computes the Jaccard index between two bitmaps. (Also known as the Tanimoto
 * distance, or the Jaccard similarity coefficient)
 *
 * The Jaccard index is undefined if both bitmaps are empty.
 */
double roaring_bitmap_jaccard_index(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                    const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the size of the union between two bitmaps.
 */
uint64_t roaring_bitmap_or_cardinality(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                       const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the size of the difference (andnot) between two bitmaps.
 */
uint64_t roaring_bitmap_andnot_cardinality(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                           const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the size of the symmetric difference (xor) between two bitmaps.
 */
uint64_t roaring_bitmap_xor_cardinality(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                        const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Inplace version of `roaring_bitmap_and()`, modifies r1
 * r1 == r2 is allowed.
 *
 * Performance hint: if you are computing the intersection between several
 * bitmaps, two-by-two, it is best to start with the smallest bitmap.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_and_inplace(roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the union between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap. The caller is
 * responsible for memory management.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_or(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                    const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Inplace version of `roaring_bitmap_or(), modifies r1.
 * TODO: decide whether r1 == r2 ok
 */
void roaring_bitmap_or_inplace(roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                               const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Compute the union of 'number' bitmaps.
 * Caller is responsible for freeing the result.
 * See also `roaring_bitmap_or_many_heap()`
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_or_many(size_t number,
                                         const roaring_bitmap_t **rs);

/**
 * Compute the union of 'number' bitmaps using a heap. This can sometimes be
 * faster than `roaring_bitmap_or_many() which uses a naive algorithm.
 * Caller is responsible for freeing the result.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_or_many_heap(uint32_t number,
                                              const roaring_bitmap_t **rs);

/**
 * Computes the symmetric difference (xor) between two bitmaps
 * and returns new bitmap. The caller is responsible for memory management.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_xor(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                     const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Inplace version of roaring_bitmap_xor, modifies r1, r1 != r2.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_xor_inplace(roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Compute the xor of 'number' bitmaps.
 * Caller is responsible for freeing the result.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_xor_many(size_t number,
                                          const roaring_bitmap_t **rs);

/**
 * Computes the difference (andnot) between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap.
 * Caller is responsible for freeing the result.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_andnot(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                        const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Inplace version of roaring_bitmap_andnot, modifies r1, r1 != r2.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_andnot_inplace(roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                   const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * TODO: consider implementing:
 *
 * "Compute the xor of 'number' bitmaps using a heap. This can sometimes be
 *  faster than roaring_bitmap_xor_many which uses a naive algorithm. Caller is
 *  responsible for freeing the result.""
 *
 * roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_xor_many_heap(uint32_t number,
 *                                                const roaring_bitmap_t **rs);
 */

/**
 * Frees the memory.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_free(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * A bit of context usable with `roaring_bitmap_*_bulk()` functions
 *
 * Should be initialized with `{0}` (or `memset()` to all zeros).
 * Callers should treat it as an opaque type.
 *
 * A context may only be used with a single bitmap
 * (unless re-initialized to zero), and any modification to a bitmap
 * (other than modifications performed with `_bulk()` functions with the context
 * passed) will invalidate any contexts associated with that bitmap.
 */
typedef struct roaring_bulk_context_s {
    ROARING_CONTAINER_T *container;
    int idx;
    uint16_t key;
    uint8_t typecode;
} roaring_bulk_context_t;

/**
 * Add an item, using context from a previous insert for speed optimization.
 *
 * `context` will be used to store information between calls to make bulk
 * operations faster. `*context` should be zero-initialized before the first
 * call to this function.
 *
 * Modifying the bitmap in any way (other than `-bulk` suffixed functions)
 * will invalidate the stored context, calling this function with a non-zero
 * context after doing any modification invokes undefined behavior.
 *
 * In order to exploit this optimization, the caller should call this function
 * with values with the same "key" (high 16 bits of the value) consecutively.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_add_bulk(roaring_bitmap_t *r,
                             roaring_bulk_context_t *context, uint32_t val);

/**
 * Add value n_args from pointer vals, faster than repeatedly calling
 * `roaring_bitmap_add()`
 *
 * In order to exploit this optimization, the caller should attempt to keep
 * values with the same "key" (high 16 bits of the value) as consecutive
 * elements in `vals`
 */
void roaring_bitmap_add_many(roaring_bitmap_t *r, size_t n_args,
                             const uint32_t *vals);

/**
 * Add value x
 */
void roaring_bitmap_add(roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t x);

/**
 * Add value x
 * Returns true if a new value was added, false if the value already existed.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_add_checked(roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t x);

/**
 * Add all values in range [min, max]
 */
void roaring_bitmap_add_range_closed(roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t min,
                                     uint32_t max);

/**
 * Add all values in range [min, max)
 */
inline void roaring_bitmap_add_range(roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t min,
                                     uint64_t max) {
    if (max <= min || min > (uint64_t)UINT32_MAX + 1) {
        return;
    }
    roaring_bitmap_add_range_closed(r, (uint32_t)min, (uint32_t)(max - 1));
}

/**
 * Remove value x
 */
void roaring_bitmap_remove(roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t x);

/**
 * Remove all values in range [min, max]
 */
void roaring_bitmap_remove_range_closed(roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t min,
                                        uint32_t max);

/**
 * Remove all values in range [min, max)
 */
inline void roaring_bitmap_remove_range(roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t min,
                                        uint64_t max) {
    if (max <= min || min > (uint64_t)UINT32_MAX + 1) {
        return;
    }
    roaring_bitmap_remove_range_closed(r, (uint32_t)min, (uint32_t)(max - 1));
}

/**
 * Remove multiple values
 */
void roaring_bitmap_remove_many(roaring_bitmap_t *r, size_t n_args,
                                const uint32_t *vals);

/**
 * Remove value x
 * Returns true if a new value was removed, false if the value was not existing.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_remove_checked(roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t x);

/**
 * Check if value is present
 */
inline bool roaring_bitmap_contains(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t val) {
    // For performance reasons, this function is inline and uses internal
    // functions directly.
#ifdef __cplusplus
    using namespace ::roaring::internal;
#endif
    const uint16_t hb = val >> 16;
    /*
     * the next function call involves a binary search and lots of branching.
     */
    int32_t i = ra_get_index(&r->high_low_container, hb);
    if (i < 0) return false;

    uint8_t typecode;
    // next call ought to be cheap
    container_t *container = ra_get_container_at_index(&r->high_low_container,
                                                       (uint16_t)i, &typecode);
    // rest might be a tad expensive, possibly involving another round of binary
    // search
    return container_contains(container, val & 0xFFFF, typecode);
}

/**
 * Check whether a range of values from range_start (included)
 * to range_end (excluded) is present
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_contains_range(const roaring_bitmap_t *r,
                                   uint64_t range_start, uint64_t range_end);

/**
 * Check whether a range of values from range_start (included)
 * to range_end (included) is present
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_contains_range_closed(const roaring_bitmap_t *r,
                                          uint32_t range_start,
                                          uint32_t range_end);

/**
 * Check if an items is present, using context from a previous insert or search
 * for speed optimization.
 *
 * `context` will be used to store information between calls to make bulk
 * operations faster. `*context` should be zero-initialized before the first
 * call to this function.
 *
 * Modifying the bitmap in any way (other than `-bulk` suffixed functions)
 * will invalidate the stored context, calling this function with a non-zero
 * context after doing any modification invokes undefined behavior.
 *
 * In order to exploit this optimization, the caller should call this function
 * with values with the same "key" (high 16 bits of the value) consecutively.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_contains_bulk(const roaring_bitmap_t *r,
                                  roaring_bulk_context_t *context,
                                  uint32_t val);

/**
 * Get the cardinality of the bitmap (number of elements).
 */
uint64_t roaring_bitmap_get_cardinality(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Returns the number of elements in the range [range_start, range_end).
 */
uint64_t roaring_bitmap_range_cardinality(const roaring_bitmap_t *r,
                                          uint64_t range_start,
                                          uint64_t range_end);

/**
 * Returns the number of elements in the range [range_start, range_end].
 */
uint64_t roaring_bitmap_range_cardinality_closed(const roaring_bitmap_t *r,
                                                 uint32_t range_start,
                                                 uint32_t range_end);
/**
 * Returns true if the bitmap is empty (cardinality is zero).
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_is_empty(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Empties the bitmap.  It will have no auxiliary allocations (so if the bitmap
 * was initialized in client memory via roaring_bitmap_init(), then a call to
 * roaring_bitmap_clear() would be enough to "free" it)
 */
void roaring_bitmap_clear(roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Convert the bitmap to a sorted array, output in `ans`.
 *
 * Caller is responsible to ensure that there is enough memory allocated, e.g.
 *
 *     ans = malloc(roaring_bitmap_get_cardinality(bitmap) * sizeof(uint32_t));
 */
void roaring_bitmap_to_uint32_array(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t *ans);

/**
 * Store the bitmap to a bitset. This can be useful for people
 * who need the performance and simplicity of a standard bitset.
 * We assume that the input bitset is originally empty (does not
 * have any set bit).
 *
 *   bitset_t * out = bitset_create();
 *   // if the bitset has content in it, call "bitset_clear(out)"
 *   bool success = roaring_bitmap_to_bitset(mybitmap, out);
 *   // on failure, success will be false.
 *   // You can then query the bitset:
 *   bool is_present = bitset_get(out,  10011 );
 *   // you must free the memory:
 *   bitset_free(out);
 *
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_to_bitset(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, bitset_t *bitset);

/**
 * Convert the bitmap to a sorted array from `offset` by `limit`, output in
 * `ans`.
 *
 * Caller is responsible to ensure that there is enough memory allocated, e.g.
 *
 *     ans = malloc(roaring_bitmap_get_cardinality(limit) * sizeof(uint32_t));
 *
 * This function always returns `true`
 *
 * For more control, see `roaring_uint32_iterator_skip` and
 * `roaring_uint32_iterator_read`, which can be used to e.g. tell how many
 * values were actually read.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_range_uint32_array(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, size_t offset,
                                       size_t limit, uint32_t *ans);

/**
 * Remove run-length encoding even when it is more space efficient.
 * Return whether a change was applied.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_remove_run_compression(roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Convert array and bitmap containers to run containers when it is more
 * efficient; also convert from run containers when more space efficient.
 *
 * Returns true if the result has at least one run container.
 * Additional savings might be possible by calling `shrinkToFit()`.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_run_optimize(roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * If needed, reallocate memory to shrink the memory usage.
 * Returns the number of bytes saved.
 */
size_t roaring_bitmap_shrink_to_fit(roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Write the bitmap to an output pointer, this output buffer should refer to
 * at least `roaring_bitmap_size_in_bytes(r)` allocated bytes.
 *
 * See `roaring_bitmap_portable_serialize()` if you want a format that's
 * compatible with Java and Go implementations.  This format can sometimes be
 * more space efficient than the portable form, e.g. when the data is sparse.
 *
 * Returns how many bytes written, should be `roaring_bitmap_size_in_bytes(r)`.
 *
 * When serializing data to a file, we recommend that you also use
 * checksums so that, at deserialization, you can be confident
 * that you are recovering the correct data.
 */
size_t roaring_bitmap_serialize(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, char *buf);

/**
 * Use with `roaring_bitmap_serialize()`.
 *
 * (See `roaring_bitmap_portable_deserialize()` if you want a format that's
 * compatible with Java and Go implementations).
 *
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_deserialize(const void *buf);

/**
 * Load a bitmap from a serialized buffer safely (reading up to maxbytes).
 *
 * Use with `roaring_bitmap_serialize()`.
 *
 * (See `roaring_bitmap_portable_deserialize_safe()` if you want a format that's
 * compatible with Java and Go implementations).
 *
 * The difference with `roaring_bitmap_deserialize()` is that this function
 * is guaranteed to not read beyond the provided buffer. If the buffer is too
 * small, NULL is returned.
 *
 * The function itself is safe in the sense that it will not cause buffer
 * overflows: it will not read beyond the scope of the provided buffer
 * (buf,maxbytes).
 *
 * However, for correct operations, it is assumed that the bitmap
 * read was once serialized from a valid bitmap (i.e., it follows the format
 * specification). If you provided an incorrect input (garbage), then the bitmap
 * read may not be in a valid state and following operations may not lead to
 * sensible results (using it may cause crashes, or it may just give incoherent
 * answers). You can call roaring_bitmap_internal_validate to check the validity
 * of the bitmap if the source is untrusted. Only after calling
 * roaring_bitmap_internal_validate is the bitmap considered safe for use.
 *
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_deserialize_safe(const void *buf,
                                                  size_t maxbytes);

/**
 * How many bytes are required to serialize this bitmap (NOT compatible
 * with Java and Go versions)
 */
size_t roaring_bitmap_size_in_bytes(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Read bitmap from a serialized buffer.
 * In case of failure, NULL is returned.
 *
 * This function is unsafe in the sense that if there is no valid serialized
 * bitmap at the pointer, then many bytes could be read, possibly causing a
 * buffer overflow. In other words, this routine assumes that `buf` points to a
 * complete, correctly formatted serialized bitmap and does not take a buffer
 * length argument that would let it enforce a read bound.
 *
 * Use this function only when the input buffer is already trusted, for example
 * because it comes from memory that was previously filled by
 * `roaring_bitmap_portable_serialize()` and whose size is known by some other
 * means. If the source is untrusted, truncated, or otherwise not guaranteed to
 * contain a valid serialized bitmap, prefer
 * `roaring_bitmap_portable_deserialize_safe()`.
 *
 * This is meant to be compatible with the Java and Go versions:
 * https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec
 *
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_portable_deserialize(const char *buf);

/**
 * Read bitmap from a serialized buffer safely (reading up to maxbytes).
 * In case of failure, NULL is returned.
 *
 * This is meant to be compatible with the Java and Go versions:
 * https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec
 *
 * The function itself is safe in the sense that it will not cause buffer
 * overflows: it will not read beyond the scope of the provided buffer
 * (buf,maxbytes).
 *
 * However, for correct operations, it is assumed that the bitmap
 * read was once serialized from a valid bitmap (i.e., it follows the format
 * specification). If you provided an incorrect input (garbage), then the bitmap
 * read may not be in a valid state and following operations may not lead to
 * sensible results. In particular, the serialized array containers need to be
 * in sorted order, and the run containers should be in sorted non-overlapping
 * order. This is is guaranteed to happen when serializing an existing bitmap,
 * but not for random inputs.
 *
 * If the source is untrusted, you should call
 * roaring_bitmap_internal_validate to check the validity of the
 * bitmap prior to using it. Only after calling roaring_bitmap_internal_validate
 * is the bitmap considered safe for use.
 *
 * We also recommend that you use checksums to check that serialized data
 * corresponds to the serialized bitmap. The CRoaring library does not provide
 * checksumming.
 *
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_portable_deserialize_safe(const char *buf,
                                                           size_t maxbytes);

/**
 * Read bitmap from a serialized buffer.
 * In case of failure, NULL is returned.
 *
 * Bitmap returned by this function can be used in all readonly contexts.
 * Bitmap must be freed as usual, by calling roaring_bitmap_free().
 * Underlying buffer must not be freed or modified while it backs any bitmaps.
 *
 * The function is unsafe in the following ways:
 * 1) It may execute unaligned memory accesses.
 * 2) A buffer overflow may occur if buf does not point to a valid serialized
 *    bitmap.
 *
 * This is meant to be compatible with the Java and Go versions:
 * https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec
 *
 * Returns NULL on a big-endian system (e.g., a mainframe IBM s390x). The
 * portable format is little-endian on every host, and this function uses the
 * container payloads where they sit rather than converting them, so there is
 * no correct in-place view of them there. Use
 * `roaring_bitmap_portable_deserialize_safe()`, which converts as it copies.
 *
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_portable_deserialize_frozen(const char *buf);

/**
 * Check how many bytes would be read (up to maxbytes) at this pointer if there
 * is a bitmap, returns zero if there is no valid bitmap.
 *
 * This is meant to be compatible with the Java and Go versions:
 * https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec
 */
size_t roaring_bitmap_portable_deserialize_size(const char *buf,
                                                size_t maxbytes);

/**
 * How many bytes are required to serialize this bitmap.
 *
 * This is meant to be compatible with the Java and Go versions:
 * https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec
 */
size_t roaring_bitmap_portable_size_in_bytes(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Write a bitmap to a char buffer.  The output buffer should refer to at least
 * `roaring_bitmap_portable_size_in_bytes(r)` bytes of allocated memory.
 *
 * Returns how many bytes were written which should match
 * `roaring_bitmap_portable_size_in_bytes(r)`.
 *
 * This is meant to be compatible with the Java and Go versions:
 * https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec
 *
 * When serializing data to a file, we recommend that you also use
 * checksums so that, at deserialization, you can be confident
 * that you are recovering the correct data.
 */
size_t roaring_bitmap_portable_serialize(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, char *buf);

/*
 * "Frozen" serialization format imitates memory layout of roaring_bitmap_t.
 * Deserialized bitmap is a constant view of the underlying buffer.
 * This significantly reduces amount of allocations and copying required during
 * deserialization.
 * It can be used with memory mapped files.
 * Example can be found in benchmarks/frozen_benchmark.c
 *
 *         [#####] const roaring_bitmap_t *
 *          | | |
 *     +----+ | +-+
 *     |      |   |
 * [#####################################] underlying buffer
 *
 * Note that because frozen serialization format imitates C memory layout
 * of roaring_bitmap_t, it is not fixed. It is different on big/little endian
 * platforms and can be changed in future.
 */

/**
 * Returns number of bytes required to serialize bitmap using frozen format.
 */
size_t roaring_bitmap_frozen_size_in_bytes(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Serializes bitmap using frozen format.
 * Buffer size must be at least roaring_bitmap_frozen_size_in_bytes().
 *
 * This function is endian-sensitive. If you have a big-endian system (e.g., a
 * mainframe IBM s390x), the data format is going to be big-endian and not
 * compatible with little-endian systems. This is not a bug, it is by design,
 *since the format imitates C memory layout
 *
 * When serializing data to a file, we recommend that you also use
 * checksums so that, at deserialization, you can be confident
 * that you are recovering the correct data.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_frozen_serialize(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, char *buf);

/**
 * Creates constant bitmap that is a view of a given buffer.
 * Buffer data should have been written by `roaring_bitmap_frozen_serialize()`
 * Its beginning must also be aligned by 32 bytes.
 * Length must be equal exactly to `roaring_bitmap_frozen_size_in_bytes()`.
 * In case of failure, NULL is returned.
 *
 * Bitmap returned by this function can be used in all readonly contexts.
 * Bitmap must be freed as usual, by calling roaring_bitmap_free().
 * Underlying buffer must not be freed or modified while it backs any bitmaps.
 *
 * This function is endian-sensitive. If you have a big-endian system (e.g., a
 * mainframe IBM s390x), the data format is going to be big-endian and not
 * compatible with little-endian systems. This is not a bug, it is by design,
 *since the format imitates C memory layout of roaring_bitmap_t.
 */
const roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_frozen_view(const char *buf,
                                                   size_t length);

/**
 * Iterate over the bitmap elements. The function iterator is called once for
 * all the values with ptr (can be NULL) as the second parameter of each call.
 *
 * `roaring_iterator` is simply a pointer to a function that returns bool
 * (true means that the iteration should continue while false means that it
 * should stop), and takes (uint32_t,void*) as inputs.
 *
 * Returns true if the roaring_iterator returned true throughout (so that all
 * data points were necessarily visited).
 *
 * Iteration is ordered: from the smallest to the largest elements.
 */
bool roaring_iterate(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, roaring_iterator iterator,
                     void *ptr);

/**
 * Like `roaring_iterate`, but the 32-bit values are widened to 64 bits by
 * adding `high_bits` (shifted into the upper 32 bits) before being passed to
 * the iterator. This is used to build 64-bit iteration on top of 32-bit
 * bitmaps. `ptr` (can be NULL) is forwarded as the second argument of each
 * call.
 *
 * Returns true if the iterator returned true throughout (so that all values
 * were necessarily visited).
 */
bool roaring_iterate64(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, roaring_iterator64 iterator,
                       uint64_t high_bits, void *ptr);

/**
 * Return true if the two bitmaps contain the same elements.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_equals(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                           const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Return true if all the elements of r1 are also in r2.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_is_subset(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                              const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Return true if all the elements of r1 are also in r2, and r2 is strictly
 * greater than r1.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_is_strict_subset(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                     const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * (For expert users who seek high performance.)
 *
 * Computes the union between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap. The caller is
 * responsible for memory management.
 *
 * The lazy version defers some computations such as the maintenance of the
 * cardinality counts. Thus you must call `roaring_bitmap_repair_after_lazy()`
 * after executing "lazy" computations.
 *
 * It is safe to repeatedly call roaring_bitmap_lazy_or_inplace on the result.
 *
 * `bitsetconversion` is a flag which determines whether container-container
 * operations force a bitset conversion.
 *
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_lazy_or(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                         const roaring_bitmap_t *r2,
                                         const bool bitsetconversion);

/**
 * (For expert users who seek high performance.)
 *
 * Inplace version of roaring_bitmap_lazy_or, modifies r1.
 *
 * `bitsetconversion` is a flag which determines whether container-container
 * operations force a bitset conversion.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_lazy_or_inplace(roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                    const roaring_bitmap_t *r2,
                                    const bool bitsetconversion);

/**
 * (For expert users who seek high performance.)
 *
 * Execute maintenance on a bitmap created from `roaring_bitmap_lazy_or()`
 * or modified with `roaring_bitmap_lazy_or_inplace()`.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_repair_after_lazy(roaring_bitmap_t *r1);

/**
 * Computes the symmetric difference between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap.
 * The caller is responsible for memory management.
 *
 * The lazy version defers some computations such as the maintenance of the
 * cardinality counts. Thus you must call `roaring_bitmap_repair_after_lazy()`
 * after executing "lazy" computations.
 *
 * It is safe to repeatedly call `roaring_bitmap_lazy_xor_inplace()` on
 * the result.
 *
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_lazy_xor(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                          const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * (For expert users who seek high performance.)
 *
 * Inplace version of roaring_bitmap_lazy_xor, modifies r1. r1 != r2
 */
void roaring_bitmap_lazy_xor_inplace(roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                     const roaring_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Compute the negation of the bitmap in the interval [range_start, range_end).
 * The number of negated values is range_end - range_start.
 * Areas outside the range are passed through unchanged.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_flip(const roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                      uint64_t range_start, uint64_t range_end);

/**
 * Compute the negation of the bitmap in the interval [range_start, range_end].
 * The number of negated values is range_end - range_start + 1.
 * Areas outside the range are passed through unchanged.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring_bitmap_t *roaring_bitmap_flip_closed(const roaring_bitmap_t *x1,
                                             uint32_t range_start,
                                             uint32_t range_end);
/**
 * compute (in place) the negation of the roaring bitmap within a specified
 * interval: [range_start, range_end). The number of negated values is
 * range_end - range_start.
 * Areas outside the range are passed through unchanged.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_flip_inplace(roaring_bitmap_t *r1, uint64_t range_start,
                                 uint64_t range_end);

/**
 * compute (in place) the negation of the roaring bitmap within a specified
 * interval: [range_start, range_end]. The number of negated values is
 * range_end - range_start + 1.
 * Areas outside the range are passed through unchanged.
 */
void roaring_bitmap_flip_inplace_closed(roaring_bitmap_t *r1,
                                        uint32_t range_start,
                                        uint32_t range_end);

/**
 * Selects the element at index 'rank' where the smallest element is at index 0.
 * If the size of the roaring bitmap is strictly greater than rank, then this
 * function returns true and sets element to the element of given rank.
 * Otherwise, it returns false.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_select(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t rank,
                           uint32_t *element);

/**
 * roaring_bitmap_rank returns the number of integers that are smaller or equal
 * to x. Thus if x is the first element, this function will return 1. If
 * x is smaller than the smallest element, this function will return 0.
 *
 * The indexing convention differs between roaring_bitmap_select and
 * roaring_bitmap_rank: roaring_bitmap_select refers to the smallest value
 * as having index 0, whereas roaring_bitmap_rank returns 1 when ranking
 * the smallest value.
 */
uint64_t roaring_bitmap_rank(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t x);

/**
 * roaring_bitmap_rank_many is an `Bulk` version of `roaring_bitmap_rank`
 * it puts rank value of each element in `[begin .. end)` to `ans[]`
 *
 * the values in `[begin .. end)` must be sorted in Ascending order;
 * Caller is responsible to ensure that there is enough memory allocated, e.g.
 *
 *     ans = malloc((end-begin) * sizeof(uint64_t));
 */
void roaring_bitmap_rank_many(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, const uint32_t *begin,
                              const uint32_t *end, uint64_t *ans);

/**
 * Returns the index of x in the given roaring bitmap.
 * If the roaring bitmap doesn't contain x , this function will return -1.
 * The difference with rank function is that this function will return -1 when x
 * is not the element of roaring bitmap, but the rank function will return a
 * non-negative number.
 */
int64_t roaring_bitmap_get_index(const roaring_bitmap_t *r, uint32_t x);

/**
 * Returns the smallest value in the set, or UINT32_MAX if the set is empty.
 */
uint32_t roaring_bitmap_minimum(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Returns the greatest value in the set, or 0 if the set is empty.
 */
uint32_t roaring_bitmap_maximum(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * (For advanced users.)
 *
 * Collect statistics about the bitmap, see roaring_types.h for
 * a description of roaring_statistics_t
 */
void roaring_bitmap_statistics(const roaring_bitmap_t *r,
                               roaring_statistics_t *stat);

/**
 * Perform internal consistency checks. Returns true if the bitmap is
 * consistent. It may be useful to call this after deserializing bitmaps from
 * untrusted sources. If roaring_bitmap_internal_validate returns true, then the
 * bitmap should be consistent and can be trusted not to cause crashes or memory
 * corruption.
 *
 * Note that some operations intentionally leave bitmaps in an inconsistent
 * state temporarily, for example, `roaring_bitmap_lazy_*` functions, until
 * `roaring_bitmap_repair_after_lazy` is called.
 *
 * If reason is non-null, it will be set to a string describing the first
 * inconsistency found if any.
 */
bool roaring_bitmap_internal_validate(const roaring_bitmap_t *r,
                                      const char **reason);

/*********************
* What follows is code use to iterate through values in a roaring bitmap

roaring_bitmap_t *r =...
roaring_uint32_iterator_t i;
roaring_iterator_create(r, &i);
while(i.has_value) {
  printf("value = %d\n", i.current_value);
  roaring_uint32_iterator_advance(&i);
}
roaring_uint32_iterator_free(&i);

Obviously, if you modify the underlying bitmap, the iterator
becomes invalid. So don't.
*/

/**
 * A struct used to keep iterator state. Users should only access
 * `current_value` and `has_value`, the rest of the type should be treated as
 * opaque.
 */
typedef struct roaring_uint32_iterator_s {
    const roaring_bitmap_t *parent;        // Owner
    const ROARING_CONTAINER_T *container;  // Current container
    uint8_t typecode;                      // Typecode of current container
    int32_t container_index;               // Current container index
    uint32_t highbits;                     // High 16 bits of the current value
    roaring_container_iterator_t container_it;

    uint32_t current_value;
    bool has_value;
} roaring_uint32_iterator_t;

/**
 * Initialize an iterator object that can be used to iterate through the values.
 * If there is a  value, then this iterator points to the first value and
 * `it->has_value` is true. The value is in `it->current_value`.
 */
void roaring_iterator_init(const roaring_bitmap_t *r,
                           roaring_uint32_iterator_t *newit);

/** DEPRECATED, use `roaring_iterator_init`. */
CROARING_DEPRECATED static inline void roaring_init_iterator(
    const roaring_bitmap_t *r, roaring_uint32_iterator_t *newit) {
    roaring_iterator_init(r, newit);
}

/**
 * Initialize an iterator object that can be used to iterate through the values.
 * If there is a value, then this iterator points to the last value and
 * `it->has_value` is true. The value is in `it->current_value`.
 */
void roaring_iterator_init_last(const roaring_bitmap_t *r,
                                roaring_uint32_iterator_t *newit);

/** DEPRECATED, use `roaring_iterator_init_last`. */
CROARING_DEPRECATED static inline void roaring_init_iterator_last(
    const roaring_bitmap_t *r, roaring_uint32_iterator_t *newit) {
    roaring_iterator_init_last(r, newit);
}

/**
 * Create an iterator object that can be used to iterate through the values.
 * Caller is responsible for calling `roaring_uint32_iterator_free()`.
 *
 * The iterator is initialized (this function calls `roaring_iterator_init()`)
 * If there is a value, then this iterator points to the first value and
 * `it->has_value` is true.  The value is in `it->current_value`.
 */
roaring_uint32_iterator_t *roaring_iterator_create(const roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/** DEPRECATED, use `roaring_iterator_create`. */
CROARING_DEPRECATED static inline roaring_uint32_iterator_t *
roaring_create_iterator(const roaring_bitmap_t *r) {
    return roaring_iterator_create(r);
}

/**
 * Advance the iterator. If there is a new value, then `it->has_value` is true.
 * The new value is in `it->current_value`. Values are traversed in increasing
 * orders. For convenience, returns `it->has_value`.
 *
 * Once `it->has_value` is false, `roaring_uint32_iterator_advance` should not
 * be called on the iterator again. Calling `roaring_uint32_iterator_previous`
 * is allowed.
 */
bool roaring_uint32_iterator_advance(roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it);

/** DEPRECATED, use `roaring_uint32_iterator_advance`. */
CROARING_DEPRECATED static inline bool roaring_advance_uint32_iterator(
    roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it) {
    return roaring_uint32_iterator_advance(it);
}

/**
 * Decrement the iterator. If there's a new value, then `it->has_value` is true.
 * The new value is in `it->current_value`. Values are traversed in decreasing
 * order. For convenience, returns `it->has_value`.
 *
 * Once `it->has_value` is false, `roaring_uint32_iterator_previous` should not
 * be called on the iterator again. Calling `roaring_uint32_iterator_advance` is
 * allowed.
 */
bool roaring_uint32_iterator_previous(roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it);

/** DEPRECATED, use `roaring_uint32_iterator_previous`. */
CROARING_DEPRECATED static inline bool roaring_previous_uint32_iterator(
    roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it) {
    return roaring_uint32_iterator_previous(it);
}

/**
 * Move the iterator to the first value >= `val`. If there is a such a value,
 * then `it->has_value` is true. The new value is in `it->current_value`.
 * For convenience, returns `it->has_value`.
 */
bool roaring_uint32_iterator_move_equalorlarger(roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it,
                                                uint32_t val);

/** DEPRECATED, use `roaring_uint32_iterator_move_equalorlarger`. */
CROARING_DEPRECATED static inline bool
roaring_move_uint32_iterator_equalorlarger(roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it,
                                           uint32_t val) {
    return roaring_uint32_iterator_move_equalorlarger(it, val);
}

/**
 * Creates a copy of an iterator.
 * Caller must free it.
 */
roaring_uint32_iterator_t *roaring_uint32_iterator_copy(
    const roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it);

/** DEPRECATED, use `roaring_uint32_iterator_copy`. */
CROARING_DEPRECATED static inline roaring_uint32_iterator_t *
roaring_copy_uint32_iterator(const roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it) {
    return roaring_uint32_iterator_copy(it);
}

/**
 * Free memory following `roaring_iterator_create()`
 */
void roaring_uint32_iterator_free(roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it);

/** DEPRECATED, use `roaring_uint32_iterator_free`. */
CROARING_DEPRECATED static inline void roaring_free_uint32_iterator(
    roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it) {
    roaring_uint32_iterator_free(it);
}

/**
 * Reads next ${count} values from iterator into user-supplied ${buf}.
 * Returns the number of read elements.
 * This number can be smaller than ${count}, which means that iterator is
 * drained.
 *
 * This function satisfies semantics of iteration and can be used together with
 * other iterator functions.
 *  - first value is copied from ${it}->current_value
 *  - after function returns, iterator is positioned at the next element
 */
uint32_t roaring_uint32_iterator_read(roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it,
                                      uint32_t *buf, uint32_t count);

/** DEPRECATED, use `roaring_uint32_iterator_read`. */
CROARING_DEPRECATED static inline uint32_t roaring_read_uint32_iterator(
    roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it, uint32_t *buf, uint32_t count) {
    return roaring_uint32_iterator_read(it, buf, count);
}

/**
 * Reads previous ${count} values from iterator into user-supplied ${buf}.
 * Returns the number of read elements.
 * This number can be smaller than ${count}, which means that iterator is
 * drained.
 *
 * Values are written in descending order: buf[0] is the highest (current)
 * value, buf[ret-1] is the lowest value read.
 *
 * This function satisfies semantics of reverse iteration and can be used
 * together with other iterator functions.
 *  - first value is copied from ${it}->current_value
 *  - after function returns, iterator is positioned at the previous element
 */
uint32_t roaring_uint32_iterator_read_backward(roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it,
                                               uint32_t *buf, uint32_t count);

/**
 * Skip the next ${count} values from iterator.
 * Returns the number of values actually skipped.
 * The number can be smaller than ${count}, which means that iterator is
 * drained.
 *
 * This function is equivalent to calling `roaring_uint32_iterator_advance()`
 * ${count} times but is much more efficient.
 */
uint32_t roaring_uint32_iterator_skip(roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it,
                                      uint32_t count);

/**
 * Skip the previous ${count} values from iterator (move backwards).
 * Returns the number of values actually skipped backwards.
 * The number can be smaller than ${count}, which means that iterator reached
 * the beginning.
 *
 * This function is equivalent to calling `roaring_uint32_iterator_previous()`
 * ${count} times but is much more efficient.
 */
uint32_t roaring_uint32_iterator_skip_backward(roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it,
                                               uint32_t count);

typedef struct roaring_uint32_range_closed_s {
    uint32_t min;
    uint32_t max;
} roaring_uint32_range_closed_t;

/**
 * Reads next ${count} ranges from iterator into user-supplied ${buf}.
 * A range is defined as a maximal interval of consecutive values.
 * For example, the set {1,2,3,5,6} contains two ranges: [1..3] and [5..6].
 * Each range is represented as a struct {min,max}, both endpoints included.
 * Consecutive values that span internal container boundaries are merged into
 * a single range.
 *
 * Returns the number of read ranges.
 * This number can be smaller than ${count}, which means that the iterator is
 * drained.
 *
 * This function satisfies the semantics of iteration and can be used together
 * with other iterator functions.
 *  - first range will start with ${it}->current_value
 *  - after the function returns, the iterator is positioned at the next element
 *    after the end of the last returned range, or ${it}->has_value is false if
 *    the bitmap is exhausted.
 */
size_t roaring_uint32_iterator_read_ranges(roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it,
                                           roaring_uint32_range_closed_t *buf,
                                           size_t count);

/**
 * Reads previous ${count} ranges from iterator into user-supplied ${buf}.
 * A range is defined as a maximal interval of consecutive values.
 * For example, the set {1,2,3,5,6} contains two ranges: [1..3] and [5..6].
 * Each range is represented as a struct {min,max}, both endpoints included.
 * Consecutive values that span internal container boundaries are merged into
 * a single range.
 *
 * Returns the number of read ranges.
 * This number can be smaller than ${count}, which means that the iterator is
 * drained.
 *
 * Ranges are returned in reverse order, e.g. the first range returned is the
 * highest range (ending at the current value)
 *
 * This function satisfies the semantics of reverse iteration and can be used
 * together with other iterator functions.
 *  - first range will end with ${it}->current_value
 *  - after the function returns, the iterator is positioned at the element
 *    before the beginning of the last returned range, or ${it}->has_value is
 *    false if the bitmap is exhausted.
 */
size_t roaring_uint32_iterator_read_prev_ranges(
    roaring_uint32_iterator_t *it, roaring_uint32_range_closed_t *buf,
    size_t count);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
}
}  // extern "C" { namespace roaring { namespace api {
#endif

#endif /* ROARING_H */

#ifdef __cplusplus
/**
 * Best practices for C++ headers is to avoid polluting global scope.
 * But for C compatibility when just `roaring.h` is included building as
 * C++, default to global access for the C public API.
 *
 * BUT when `roaring.hh` is included instead, it sets this flag.  That way
 * explicit namespacing must be used to get the C functions.
 *
 * This is outside the include guard so that if you include BOTH headers,
 * the order won't matter; you still get the global definitions.
 */
#if !defined(ROARING_API_NOT_IN_GLOBAL_NAMESPACE)
using namespace ::roaring::api;
#endif
#endif

// roaring64 will include roaring.h, but we would
// prefer to avoid having our users include roaring64.h
// in addition to roaring.h.
/* end file include/roaring/roaring.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/memory.h */
/*
 * memory.h
 *
 * This header defines CRoaring's memory-allocation abstraction layer. It
 * declares the function pointer types and hook structure used to override the
 * library's malloc/realloc/calloc/free and aligned allocation routines, along
 * with the wrapper functions used throughout the codebase.
 *
 * This allows applications to integrate CRoaring with custom allocators,
 * memory trackers, arenas, or platform-specific aligned allocation policies
 * without changing the rest of the library code.
 */
#ifndef INCLUDE_ROARING_MEMORY_H_
#define INCLUDE_ROARING_MEMORY_H_

#include <stddef.h>  // for size_t

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

typedef void* (*roaring_malloc_p)(size_t);
typedef void* (*roaring_realloc_p)(void*, size_t);
typedef void* (*roaring_calloc_p)(size_t, size_t);
typedef void (*roaring_free_p)(void*);
typedef void* (*roaring_aligned_malloc_p)(size_t, size_t);
typedef void (*roaring_aligned_free_p)(void*);

typedef struct roaring_memory_s {
    roaring_malloc_p malloc;
    roaring_realloc_p realloc;
    roaring_calloc_p calloc;
    roaring_free_p free;
    roaring_aligned_malloc_p aligned_malloc;
    roaring_aligned_free_p aligned_free;
} roaring_memory_t;

void roaring_init_memory_hook(roaring_memory_t memory_hook);

void* roaring_malloc(size_t);
void* roaring_realloc(void*, size_t);
void* roaring_calloc(size_t, size_t);
void roaring_free(void*);
void* roaring_aligned_malloc(size_t, size_t);
void roaring_aligned_free(void*);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

#endif  // INCLUDE_ROARING_MEMORY_H_
/* end file include/roaring/memory.h */
/* begin file include/roaring/roaring64.h */
/*
 * roaring64.h
 *
 * This file declares the 64-bit Roaring bitmap API. A roaring64 bitmap stores
 * sets of 64-bit unsigned integers by partitioning the value space by high
 * bits and using Roaring containers for the lower bits inside each partition.
 * This keeps the structure compact while preserving fast membership tests,
 * insertions, iteration, and set operations over large sparse integer sets.
 */
#ifndef ROARING64_H
#define ROARING64_H

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
namespace roaring {
namespace api {
#endif

/** An opaque 64-bit Roaring bitmap. Create one with `roaring64_bitmap_create()`
 * and release it with `roaring64_bitmap_free()`. */
typedef struct roaring64_bitmap_s roaring64_bitmap_t;
/** Internal leaf type, exposed only for use inside `roaring64_bulk_context_t`.
 * Callers should treat it as opaque. */
typedef uint64_t roaring64_leaf_t;
/** An opaque iterator over a 64-bit bitmap. See `roaring64_iterator_create()`.
 */
typedef struct roaring64_iterator_s roaring64_iterator_t;

/** The leading members of `roaring64_iterator_t`, so that
 * `roaring64_iterator_value()` and `roaring64_iterator_has_value()` can be
 * read without a call. The iterator itself stays opaque; do not declare one of
 * these, and do not rely on the layout beyond these two members. */
typedef struct roaring64_iterator_public_s {
    uint64_t value;
    bool has_value;
} roaring64_iterator_public_t;

/**
 * A bit of context usable with `roaring64_bitmap_*_bulk()` functions.
 *
 * Should be initialized with `{0}` (or `memset()` to all zeros).
 * Callers should treat it as an opaque type.
 *
 * A context may only be used with a single bitmap (unless re-initialized to
 * zero), and any modification to a bitmap (other than modifications performed
 * with `_bulk()` functions with the context passed) will invalidate any
 * contexts associated with that bitmap.
 */
typedef struct roaring64_bulk_context_s {
    uint8_t high_bytes[6];
    roaring64_leaf_t *leaf;
} roaring64_bulk_context_t;

/**
 * Dynamically allocates a new bitmap (initially empty).
 * Client is responsible for calling `roaring64_bitmap_free()`.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_create(void);
void roaring64_bitmap_free(roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Returns a copy of a bitmap.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_copy(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Copies a bitmap from src to dest. It is assumed that the pointer dest
 * is to an already allocated bitmap. The content of the dest bitmap is
 * freed/deleted.
 *
 * It might be preferable and simpler to call roaring64_bitmap_copy except
 * that roaring64_bitmap_overwrite can save on memory allocations.
 *
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_overwrite(roaring64_bitmap_t *dest,
                                const roaring64_bitmap_t *src);

/**
 * Creates a new bitmap of a pointer to N 64-bit integers.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_of_ptr(size_t n_args,
                                            const uint64_t *vals);

#ifdef __cplusplus
/**
 * Creates a new bitmap which contains all values passed in as arguments.
 *
 * To create a bitmap from a variable number of arguments, use the
 * `roaring64_bitmap_of_ptr` function instead.
 */
// Use an immediately invoked closure, capturing by reference
// (in case __VA_ARGS__ refers to context outside the closure)
// Include a 0 at the beginning of the array to make the array length > 0
// (zero sized arrays are not valid in standard c/c++)
#define roaring64_bitmap_from(...)                                       \
    [&]() {                                                              \
        const uint64_t roaring64_bitmap_from_array[] = {0, __VA_ARGS__}; \
        return roaring64_bitmap_of_ptr(                                  \
            (sizeof(roaring64_bitmap_from_array) /                       \
             sizeof(roaring64_bitmap_from_array[0])) -                   \
                1,                                                       \
            &roaring64_bitmap_from_array[1]);                            \
    }()
#else
/**
 * Creates a new bitmap which contains all values passed in as arguments.
 *
 * To create a bitmap from a variable number of arguments, use the
 * `roaring64_bitmap_of_ptr` function instead.
 */
// While __VA_ARGS__ occurs twice in expansion, one of the times is in a sizeof
// expression, which is an unevaluated context, so it's even safe in the case
// where expressions passed have side effects (roaring64_bitmap_from(my_func(),
// ++i))
// Include a 0 at the beginning of the array to make the array length > 0
// (zero sized arrays are not valid in standard c/c++)
#define roaring64_bitmap_from(...)                                           \
    roaring64_bitmap_of_ptr(                                                 \
        (sizeof((const uint64_t[]){0, __VA_ARGS__}) / sizeof(uint64_t)) - 1, \
        &((const uint64_t[]){0, __VA_ARGS__})[1])
#endif

/**
 * Create a new bitmap by moving containers from a 32 bit roaring bitmap.
 *
 * After calling this function, the original bitmap will be empty, and the
 * returned bitmap will contain all the values from the original bitmap.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_move_from_roaring32(roaring_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Create a new bitmap containing all the values in [min, max) that are at a
 * distance k*step from min.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_from_range(uint64_t min, uint64_t max,
                                                uint64_t step);

/**
 * Adds the provided value to the bitmap.
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_add(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t val);

/**
 * Adds the provided value to the bitmap.
 * Returns true if a new value was added, false if the value already existed.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_add_checked(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t val);

/**
 * Add an item, using context from a previous insert for faster insertion.
 *
 * `context` will be used to store information between calls to make bulk
 * operations faster. `*context` should be zero-initialized before the first
 * call to this function.
 *
 * Modifying the bitmap in any way (other than `-bulk` suffixed functions)
 * will invalidate the stored context, calling this function with a non-zero
 * context after doing any modification invokes undefined behavior.
 *
 * In order to exploit this optimization, the caller should call this function
 * with values with the same high 48 bits of the value consecutively.
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_add_bulk(roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                               roaring64_bulk_context_t *context, uint64_t val);

/**
 * Add `n_args` values from `vals`, faster than repeatedly calling
 * `roaring64_bitmap_add()`
 *
 * In order to exploit this optimization, the caller should attempt to keep
 * values with the same high 48 bits of the value as consecutive elements in
 * `vals`.
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_add_many(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, size_t n_args,
                               const uint64_t *vals);

/**
 * Add all values in range [min, max).
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_add_range(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t min,
                                uint64_t max);

/**
 * Add all values in range [min, max].
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_add_range_closed(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t min,
                                       uint64_t max);

/**
 * Removes a value from the bitmap if present.
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_remove(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t val);

/**
 * Removes a value from the bitmap if present, returns true if the value was
 * removed and false if the value was not present.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_remove_checked(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t val);

/**
 * Remove an item, using context from a previous insert for faster removal.
 *
 * `context` will be used to store information between calls to make bulk
 * operations faster. `*context` should be zero-initialized before the first
 * call to this function.
 *
 * Modifying the bitmap in any way (other than `-bulk` suffixed functions)
 * will invalidate the stored context, calling this function with a non-zero
 * context after doing any modification invokes undefined behavior.
 *
 * In order to exploit this optimization, the caller should call this function
 * with values with the same high 48 bits of the value consecutively.
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_remove_bulk(roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                  roaring64_bulk_context_t *context,
                                  uint64_t val);

/**
 * Remove `n_args` values from `vals`, faster than repeatedly calling
 * `roaring64_bitmap_remove()`
 *
 * In order to exploit this optimization, the caller should attempt to keep
 * values with the same high 48 bits of the value as consecutive elements in
 * `vals`.
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_remove_many(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, size_t n_args,
                                  const uint64_t *vals);

/**
 * Remove all values in range [min, max).
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_remove_range(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t min,
                                   uint64_t max);

/**
 * Remove all values in range [min, max].
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_remove_range_closed(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t min,
                                          uint64_t max);

/**
 * Empties the bitmap.
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_clear(roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Returns true if the provided value is present.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_contains(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t val);

/**
 * Returns true if all values in the range [min, max) are present.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_contains_range(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t min,
                                     uint64_t max);

/**
 * Returns true if all values in the range [min, max] are present.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_contains_range_closed(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                            uint64_t min, uint64_t max);

/**
 * Check if an item is present using context from a previous insert or search
 * for faster search.
 *
 * `context` will be used to store information between calls to make bulk
 * operations faster. `*context` should be zero-initialized before the first
 * call to this function.
 *
 * Modifying the bitmap in any way (other than `-bulk` suffixed functions)
 * will invalidate the stored context, calling this function with a non-zero
 * context after doing any modification invokes undefined behavior.
 *
 * In order to exploit this optimization, the caller should call this function
 * with values with the same high 48 bits of the value consecutively.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_contains_bulk(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                    roaring64_bulk_context_t *context,
                                    uint64_t val);

/**
 * Selects the element at index 'rank' where the smallest element is at index 0.
 * If the size of the bitmap is strictly greater than rank, then this function
 * returns true and sets element to the element of given rank. Otherwise, it
 * returns false.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_select(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t rank,
                             uint64_t *element);

/**
 * Returns the number of integers that are smaller or equal to x. Thus if x is
 * the first element, this function will return 1. If x is smaller than the
 * smallest element, this function will return 0.
 *
 * The indexing convention differs between roaring64_bitmap_select and
 * roaring64_bitmap_rank: roaring_bitmap64_select refers to the smallest value
 * as having index 0, whereas roaring64_bitmap_rank returns 1 when ranking
 * the smallest value.
 */
uint64_t roaring64_bitmap_rank(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t val);

/**
 * Returns true if the given value is in the bitmap, and sets `out_index` to the
 * (0-based) index of the value in the bitmap. Returns false if the value is not
 * in the bitmap.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_get_index(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t val,
                                uint64_t *out_index);

/**
 * Returns the number of values in the bitmap.
 */
uint64_t roaring64_bitmap_get_cardinality(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Returns the number of elements in the range [min, max).
 */
uint64_t roaring64_bitmap_range_cardinality(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                            uint64_t min, uint64_t max);

/**
 * Returns the number of elements in the range [min, max]
 */
uint64_t roaring64_bitmap_range_closed_cardinality(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                                   uint64_t min, uint64_t max);

/**
 * Returns true if the bitmap is empty (cardinality is zero).
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_is_empty(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Returns the smallest value in the set, or UINT64_MAX if the set is empty.
 */
uint64_t roaring64_bitmap_minimum(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Returns the largest value in the set, or 0 if empty.
 */
uint64_t roaring64_bitmap_maximum(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Remove run-length encoding even when it is more space efficient.
 * Return whether a change was applied.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_remove_run_compression(roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Returns true if the result has at least one run container.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_run_optimize(roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Shrinks internal arrays to eliminate any unused capacity. Returns the number
 * of bytes freed.
 */
size_t roaring64_bitmap_shrink_to_fit(roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 *  (For advanced users.)
 * Collect statistics about the bitmap
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_statistics(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                 roaring64_statistics_t *stat);

/**
 * Perform internal consistency checks.
 *
 * Returns true if the bitmap is consistent. It may be useful to call this
 * after deserializing bitmaps from untrusted sources. If
 * roaring64_bitmap_internal_validate returns true, then the bitmap is
 * consistent and can be trusted not to cause crashes or memory corruption.
 *
 * If reason is non-null, it will be set to a string describing the first
 * inconsistency found if any.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_internal_validate(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                        const char **reason);

/**
 * Return true if the two bitmaps contain the same elements.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_equals(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                             const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Return true if all the elements of r1 are also in r2.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_is_subset(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Return true if all the elements of r1 are also in r2, and r2 is strictly
 * greater than r1.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_is_strict_subset(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                       const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the intersection between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap. The
 * caller is responsible for free-ing the result.
 *
 * Performance hint: if you are computing the intersection between several
 * bitmaps, two-by-two, it is best to start with the smallest bitmaps. You may
 * also rely on roaring64_bitmap_and_inplace to avoid creating many temporary
 * bitmaps.
 *
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_and(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                         const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the size of the intersection between two bitmaps.
 */
uint64_t roaring64_bitmap_and_cardinality(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                          const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * In-place version of `roaring64_bitmap_and()`, modifies `r1`. `r1` and `r2`
 * are allowed to be equal.
 *
 * Performance hint: if you are computing the intersection between several
 * bitmaps, two-by-two, it is best to start with the smallest bitmaps.
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_and_inplace(roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                  const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Check whether two bitmaps intersect.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_intersect(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Check whether a bitmap intersects the range [min, max).
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_intersect_with_range(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                           uint64_t min, uint64_t max);

/**
 * Computes the Jaccard index between two bitmaps. (Also known as the Tanimoto
 * distance, or the Jaccard similarity coefficient)
 *
 * The Jaccard index is undefined if both bitmaps are empty.
 */
double roaring64_bitmap_jaccard_index(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                      const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the union between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap. The caller is
 * responsible for free-ing the result.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_or(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                        const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the size of the union between two bitmaps.
 */
uint64_t roaring64_bitmap_or_cardinality(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                         const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * In-place version of `roaring64_bitmap_or(), modifies `r1`.
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_or_inplace(roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                 const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the symmetric difference (xor) between two bitmaps and returns a new
 * bitmap. The caller is responsible for free-ing the result.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_xor(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                         const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the size of the symmetric difference (xor) between two bitmaps.
 */
uint64_t roaring64_bitmap_xor_cardinality(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                          const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * In-place version of `roaring64_bitmap_xor()`, modifies `r1`. `r1` and `r2`
 * are not allowed to be equal (that would result in an empty bitmap).
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_xor_inplace(roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                  const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the difference (andnot) between two bitmaps and returns a new
 * bitmap. The caller is responsible for free-ing the result.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_andnot(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                            const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Computes the size of the difference (andnot) between two bitmaps.
 */
uint64_t roaring64_bitmap_andnot_cardinality(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                             const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * In-place version of `roaring64_bitmap_andnot()`, modifies `r1`. `r1` and `r2`
 * are not allowed to be equal (that would result in an empty bitmap).
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_andnot_inplace(roaring64_bitmap_t *r1,
                                     const roaring64_bitmap_t *r2);

/**
 * Compute the negation of the bitmap in the interval [min, max).
 * The number of negated values is `max - min`. Areas outside the range are
 * passed through unchanged.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_flip(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                          uint64_t min, uint64_t max);

/**
 * Compute the negation of the bitmap in the interval [min, max].
 * The number of negated values is `max - min + 1`. Areas outside the range are
 * passed through unchanged.
 * The returned pointer may be NULL in case of errors.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_flip_closed(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                                 uint64_t min, uint64_t max);

/**
 * In-place version of `roaring64_bitmap_flip`. Compute the negation of the
 * bitmap in the interval [min, max). The number of negated values is `max -
 * min`. Areas outside the range are passed through unchanged.
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_flip_inplace(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t min,
                                   uint64_t max);
/**
 * In-place version of `roaring64_bitmap_flip_closed`. Compute the negation of
 * the bitmap in the interval [min, max]. The number of negated values is `max -
 * min + 1`. Areas outside the range are passed through unchanged.
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_flip_closed_inplace(roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t min,
                                          uint64_t max);
/**
 * Return a copy of the bitmap with all values shifted by offset.
 *
 * If `positive` is true, the shift is added, otherwise subtracted. Values that
 * overflow or underflow uint64_t are dropped. The caller is responsible for
 * freeing the returned bitmap.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_add_offset_signed(
    const roaring64_bitmap_t *r, bool positive, uint64_t offset);

/**
 * Return a copy of the bitmap with all values shifted up by offset.
 *
 * Values that overflow or underflow uint64_t are dropped. The caller is
 * responsible for freeing the returned bitmap.
 */
static inline roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_add_offset(
    const roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t offset) {
    return roaring64_bitmap_add_offset_signed(r, true, offset);
}

/**
 * Return a copy of the bitmap with all values shifted down by offset.
 *
 * Values that overflow or underflow uint64_t are dropped. The caller is
 * responsible for freeing the returned bitmap.
 */
static inline roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_sub_offset(
    const roaring64_bitmap_t *r, uint64_t offset) {
    return roaring64_bitmap_add_offset_signed(r, false, offset);
}

/**
 * How many bytes are required to serialize this bitmap.
 *
 * This is meant to be compatible with other languages:
 * https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec#extension-for-64-bit-implementations
 */
size_t roaring64_bitmap_portable_size_in_bytes(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Write a bitmap to a buffer. The output buffer should refer to at least
 * `roaring64_bitmap_portable_size_in_bytes(r)` bytes of allocated memory.
 *
 * Returns how many bytes were written, which should match
 * `roaring64_bitmap_portable_size_in_bytes(r)`.
 *
 * This is meant to be compatible with other languages:
 * https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec#extension-for-64-bit-implementations
 *
 * When serializing data to a file, we recommend that you also use
 * checksums so that, at deserialization, you can be confident
 * that you are recovering the correct data.
 */
size_t roaring64_bitmap_portable_serialize(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                           char *buf);
/**
 * Check how many bytes would be read (up to maxbytes) at this pointer if there
 * is a valid bitmap, returns zero if there is no valid bitmap.
 *
 * This is meant to be compatible with other languages
 * https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec#extension-for-64-bit-implementations
 */
size_t roaring64_bitmap_portable_deserialize_size(const char *buf,
                                                  size_t maxbytes);

/**
 * Read a bitmap from a serialized buffer (reading up to maxbytes).
 * In case of failure, NULL is returned.
 *
 * This is meant to be compatible with other languages
 * https://github.com/RoaringBitmap/RoaringFormatSpec#extension-for-64-bit-implementations
 *
 * The function itself is safe in the sense that it will not cause buffer
 * overflows: it will not read beyond the scope of the provided buffer
 * (buf,maxbytes).
 *
 * However, for correct operations, it is assumed that the bitmap
 * read was once serialized from a valid bitmap (i.e., it follows the format
 * specification). If you provided an incorrect input (garbage), then the bitmap
 * read may not be in a valid state and following operations may not lead to
 * sensible results. In particular, the serialized array containers need to be
 * in sorted order, and the run containers should be in sorted non-overlapping
 * order. This is is guaranteed to happen when serializing an existing bitmap,
 * but not for random inputs.
 *
 * If the source is untrusted, you should call
 * roaring64_bitmap_internal_validate to check the validity of the
 * bitmap prior to using it. Only after calling
 * roaring64_bitmap_internal_validate is the bitmap considered safe for use.
 *
 * We also recommend that you use checksums to check that serialized data
 * corresponds to the serialized bitmap. The CRoaring library does not provide
 * checksumming.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_portable_deserialize_safe(const char *buf,
                                                               size_t maxbytes);

/**
 * Read a bitmap from a portable serialized buffer as a read-only view of the
 * container payloads. Headers and the ART index are allocated; bitset/array/run
 * payloads alias `buf` and are not copied.
 *
 * In case of failure, NULL is returned. The function will not read beyond
 * `maxbytes`.
 *
 * The returned bitmap must only be used in a readonly manner. It must be
 * freed with `roaring64_bitmap_free()`. The backing buffer must outlive the
 * bitmap and must not be freed or modified while it backs it. Calling any
 * mutating function on the result is undefined behavior: its container array
 * and headers live in a single allocation, so growing it would reallocate an
 * interior pointer.
 *
 * The function itself is safe in the sense that it will not read beyond
 * (buf, maxbytes). However, as with
 * `roaring64_bitmap_portable_deserialize_safe()`, a bitmap read from garbage
 * may not be in a valid state, and subsequent operations on it may not lead
 * to sensible results: array containers must be sorted, and run containers
 * sorted and non-overlapping, which is guaranteed only when the input came
 * from a real serialized bitmap.
 *
 * If the source is untrusted, you should call
 * `roaring64_bitmap_internal_validate` on the result before using it. Only
 * after that is the bitmap considered safe for use. We also recommend
 * checksumming the serialized data; CRoaring does not provide checksumming.
 *
 * Returns NULL on a big-endian system (e.g., a mainframe IBM s390x). The
 * portable format is little-endian and this function uses the payload bytes
 * where they sit, so there is no correct in-place view of them there; use
 * `roaring64_bitmap_portable_deserialize_safe()`, which converts as it copies.
 *
 * Container payloads are used where they sit in the buffer, so they may be
 * unaligned. Every access path is either SIMD with unaligned loads or marked
 * `CROARING_ALLOW_UNALIGNED`.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_portable_deserialize_frozen(
    const char *buf, size_t maxbytes);

/**
 * Returns the number of bytes required to serialize this bitmap in a "frozen"
 * format. This is not compatible with any other serialization formats.
 *
 * `roaring64_bitmap_shrink_to_fit()` must be called before this method.
 */
size_t roaring64_bitmap_frozen_size_in_bytes(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Serializes the bitmap in a "frozen" format. The given buffer must be at least
 * `roaring64_bitmap_frozen_size_in_bytes()` in size. Returns the number of
 * bytes used for serialization.
 *
 * `roaring64_bitmap_shrink_to_fit()` must be called before this method.
 *
 * The frozen format is optimized for speed of (de)serialization, as well as
 * allowing the user to create a bitmap based on a memory mapped file, which is
 * possible because the format mimics the memory layout of the bitmap.
 *
 * Because the format mimics the memory layout of the bitmap, the format is not
 * fixed across releases of Roaring Bitmaps, and may change in future releases.
 *
 * This function is endian-sensitive. If you have a big-endian system (e.g., a
 * mainframe IBM s390x), the data format is going to be big-endian and not
 * compatible with little-endian systems. This is not a bug, it is by design,
 * since the format imitates C memory layout of roaring64_bitmap_t.
 */
size_t roaring64_bitmap_frozen_serialize(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                         char *buf);

/**
 * Creates a readonly bitmap that is a view of the given buffer. The buffer
 * must be created with `roaring64_bitmap_frozen_serialize()`, and must be
 * aligned by 64 bytes.
 *
 * Returns NULL if deserialization fails.
 *
 * The returned bitmap must only be used in a readonly manner. The bitmap must
 * be freed using `roaring64_bitmap_free()` as normal. The backing buffer must
 * only be freed after the bitmap.
 *
 * This function is endian-sensitive. If you have a big-endian system (e.g., a
 * mainframe IBM s390x), the data format is going to be big-endian and not
 * compatible with little-endian systems. This is not a bug, it is by design,
 * since the format imitates C memory layout of roaring64_bitmap_t.
 */
roaring64_bitmap_t *roaring64_bitmap_frozen_view(const char *buf,
                                                 size_t maxbytes);

/**
 * Iterate over the bitmap elements. The function `iterator` is called once for
 * all the values with `ptr` (can be NULL) as the second parameter of each call.
 *
 * `roaring_iterator64` is simply a pointer to a function that returns a bool
 * and takes `(uint64_t, void*)` as inputs. True means that the iteration should
 * continue, while false means that it should stop.
 *
 * Returns true if the `roaring64_iterator` returned true throughout (so that
 * all data points were necessarily visited).
 *
 * Iteration is ordered from the smallest to the largest elements.
 */
bool roaring64_bitmap_iterate(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                              roaring_iterator64 iterator, void *ptr);

/**
 * Convert the bitmap to a sorted array `out`.
 *
 * Caller is responsible to ensure that there is enough memory allocated, e.g.
 * ```
 * out = malloc(roaring64_bitmap_get_cardinality(bitmap) * sizeof(uint64_t));
 * ```
 */
void roaring64_bitmap_to_uint64_array(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                      uint64_t *out);

/**
 * Create an iterator object that can be used to iterate through the values.
 * Caller is responsible for calling `roaring64_iterator_free()`.
 *
 * The iterator is initialized. If there is a value, then this iterator points
 * to the first value and `roaring64_iterator_has_value()` returns true. The
 * value can be retrieved with `roaring64_iterator_value()`.
 */
roaring64_iterator_t *roaring64_iterator_create(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Create an iterator object that can be used to iterate through the values.
 * Caller is responsible for calling `roaring64_iterator_free()`.
 *
 * The iterator is initialized. If there is a value, then this iterator points
 * to the last value and `roaring64_iterator_has_value()` returns true. The
 * value can be retrieved with `roaring64_iterator_value()`.
 */
roaring64_iterator_t *roaring64_iterator_create_last(
    const roaring64_bitmap_t *r);

/**
 * Re-initializes an existing iterator. Functionally the same as
 * `roaring64_iterator_create` without a allocation.
 */
void roaring64_iterator_reinit(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                               roaring64_iterator_t *it);

/**
 * Re-initializes an existing iterator. Functionally the same as
 * `roaring64_iterator_create_last` without a allocation.
 */
void roaring64_iterator_reinit_last(const roaring64_bitmap_t *r,
                                    roaring64_iterator_t *it);

/**
 * Creates a copy of the iterator. Caller is responsible for calling
 * `roaring64_iterator_free()` on the resulting iterator.
 */
roaring64_iterator_t *roaring64_iterator_copy(const roaring64_iterator_t *it);

/**
 * Free the iterator.
 */
void roaring64_iterator_free(roaring64_iterator_t *it);

/**
 * Returns true if the iterator currently points to a value. If so, calling
 * `roaring64_iterator_value()` returns the value.
 *
 * A pointer to a structure, suitably converted, points to its initial member
 * (C17 6.7.2.1p15), and `roaring64_iterator_public_t` is the initial member of
 * `roaring64_iterator_t`, so this reads the field directly.
 */
inline bool roaring64_iterator_has_value(const roaring64_iterator_t *it) {
    return ((const roaring64_iterator_public_t *)it)->has_value;
}

/**
 * Returns the value the iterator currently points to. Should only be called if
 * `roaring64_iterator_has_value()` returns true.
 */
inline uint64_t roaring64_iterator_value(const roaring64_iterator_t *it) {
    return ((const roaring64_iterator_public_t *)it)->value;
}

/**
 * Advance the iterator. If there is a new value, then
 * `roaring64_iterator_has_value()` returns true. Values are traversed in
 * increasing order. For convenience, returns the result of
 * `roaring64_iterator_has_value()`.
 *
 * Once this returns false, `roaring64_iterator_advance` should not be called on
 * the iterator again. Calling `roaring64_iterator_previous` is allowed.
 */
bool roaring64_iterator_advance(roaring64_iterator_t *it);

/**
 * Decrement the iterator. If there is a new value, then
 * `roaring64_iterator_has_value()` returns true. Values are traversed in
 * decreasing order. For convenience, returns the result of
 * `roaring64_iterator_has_value()`.
 *
 * Once this returns false, `roaring64_iterator_previous` should not be called
 * on the iterator again. Calling `roaring64_iterator_advance` is allowed.
 */
bool roaring64_iterator_previous(roaring64_iterator_t *it);

/**
 * Move the iterator to the first value greater than or equal to `val`, if it
 * exists at or after the current position of the iterator. If there is a new
 * value, then `roaring64_iterator_has_value()` returns true. Values are
 * traversed in increasing order. For convenience, returns the result of
 * `roaring64_iterator_has_value()`.
 */
bool roaring64_iterator_move_equalorlarger(roaring64_iterator_t *it,
                                           uint64_t val);

/**
 * Reads up to `count` values from the iterator into the given `buf`. Returns
 * the number of elements read. The number of elements read can be smaller than
 * `count`, which means that there are no more elements in the bitmap.
 *
 * This function can be used together with other iterator functions.
 */
uint64_t roaring64_iterator_read(roaring64_iterator_t *it, uint64_t *buf,
                                 uint64_t count);

/**
 * Reads previous ${count} values from iterator into user-supplied ${buf}.
 * Returns the number of read elements.
 * This number can be smaller than ${count}, which means that iterator is
 * drained.
 *
 * Values are written in descending order: buf[0] is the highest (current)
 * value, buf[ret-1] is the lowest value read.
 *
 * This function satisfies semantics of reverse iteration and can be used
 * together with other iterator functions.
 *  - first value is copied from the current iterator value
 *  - after function returns, iterator is positioned at the previous element
 */
uint64_t roaring64_iterator_read_backward(roaring64_iterator_t *it,
                                          uint64_t *buf, uint64_t count);

typedef struct roaring64_range_closed_s {
    uint64_t min;
    uint64_t max;
} roaring64_range_closed_t;

/**
 * Reads next ${count} ranges from iterator into user-supplied ${buf}.
 * A range is defined as a maximal interval of consecutive values.
 * For example, the set {1,2,3,5,6} contains two ranges: [1..3] and [5..6].
 * Each range is represented as a struct {min,max}, both endpoints included.
 * Consecutive values that span internal container boundaries are merged into
 * a single range.
 *
 * Returns the number of read ranges.
 * This number can be smaller than ${count}, which means that the iterator is
 * drained.
 *
 * This function can be used together with other iterator functions.
 *  - first range will start with the current iterator value
 *  - after the function returns, the iterator is positioned at the next element
 *    after the end of the last returned range, or has_value is false if
 *    the bitmap is exhausted.
 */
size_t roaring64_iterator_read_ranges(roaring64_iterator_t *it,
                                      roaring64_range_closed_t *buf,
                                      size_t count);

/**
 * Reads previous ${count} ranges from iterator into user-supplied ${buf}.
 * A range is defined as a maximal interval of consecutive values.
 * For example, the set {1,2,3,5,6} contains two ranges: [1..3] and [5..6].
 * Each range is represented as a struct {min,max}, both endpoints included.
 * Consecutive values that span internal container boundaries are merged into
 * a single range.
 *
 * Returns the number of read ranges.
 * This number can be smaller than ${count}, which means that the iterator is
 * drained.
 *
 * Ranges are returned in reverse order, e.g. the first range returned is the
 * highest range (ending at the current value).
 *
 * This function can be used together with other iterator functions.
 *  - first range will end with the current iterator value
 *  - after the function returns, the iterator is positioned at the element
 *    before the beginning of the last returned range, or has_value is false if
 *    the bitmap is exhausted.
 */
size_t roaring64_iterator_read_prev_ranges(roaring64_iterator_t *it,
                                           roaring64_range_closed_t *buf,
                                           size_t count);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}  // extern "C"
}  // namespace roaring
}  // namespace api
#endif

#endif /* ROARING64_H */
/* end file include/roaring/roaring64.h */