usb-charge-battery/index-ita.html at main · bocaletto-luca/usb-charge-battery · GitHub

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  <title>usb-charge-battery — Caricatore USB 5V per batterie ricaricabili | Bocaletto Luca</title>
  <meta name="description" content="Schemi completi, calcoli e guida professionale per progettare caricatori da USB 5V per batterie ricaricabili comuni: NiMH 1,5V, 4,5V, 4,7V/4,8V, 9V, Li-ion 1S (4,2V) e LiFePO4 1S (3,6V). Versioni Semplice e Pro per ciascun tipo, più due progetti universali.">
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  <header>
    <div class="nav">
      <div class="brand">usb-charge-battery</div>
      <span class="tag">USB 5V</span>
      <span class="tag">NiMH</span>
      <span class="tag">Li-ion</span>
      <span class="tag">LiFePO<sub>4</sub></span>
      <a class="repo-btn" href="https://github.com/bocaletto-luca/usb-charge-battery" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Repository GitHub ↗</a>
    </div>
  </header>

  <div class="container">
    <div class="hero">
      <h1>Caricatori da USB 5V per batterie ricaricabili</h1>
      <p>Progetto a cura di <strong>Bocaletto Luca</strong> — Versioni <strong>Semplice</strong> e <strong>Pro</strong> per ogni batteria (1,5V NiMH, 4,5V, 4,7–4,8V, 9V, Li-ion 1S, LiFePO<sub>4</sub> 1S) e due progetti <strong>Universali</strong>.</p>
      <div class="flex">
        <span class="pill">Semplice = minima complessità</span>
        <span class="pill">Pro = prestazioni e protezioni avanzate</span>
      </div>
    </div>

    <section id="indice">
      <h2>Indice</h2>
      <div class="toc">
        <a href="#sicurezza">Avvertenze di sicurezza</a>
        <a href="#usb-limiti">USB e limiti di corrente</a>
        <a href="#calcoli">Calcoli rapidi</a>
        <a href="#nimh-1s">NiMH 1S 1,5V</a>
        <a href="#nimh-3s">NiMH 3S ≈ 4,5V</a>
        <a href="#nimh-4s">NiMH 4S ≈ 4,7–4,8V</a>
        <a href="#batt-9v">Batteria 9V</a>
        <a href="#liion-1s">Li-ion 1S 3,7V</a>
        <a href="#lifepo4-1s">LiFePO<sub>4</sub> 1S 3,2V</a>
        <a href="#universale-semplice">Universale Semplice</a>
        <a href="#universale-pro">Universale Pro</a>
        <a href="#bom-generale">Componenti generali</a>
        <a href="#licenza">Licenza & Contatti</a>
      </div>
    </section>

    <section id="sicurezza">
      <h2>Avvertenze di sicurezza</h2>
      <div class="callout danger">
        <strong>Importante:</strong> questi schemi sono per batterie <em>ricaricabili</em> solamente. Non tentare di ricaricare pile alcaline 1,5V “usa e getta”. Verifica sempre polarità, integra protezioni adeguate e non lasciare la batteria incustodita.
      </div>
    </section>

    <section id="usb-limiti">
      <h2>USB e limiti di corrente</h2>
      <ul>
        <li><strong>USB 2.0:</strong> fino a ~500 mA</li>
        <li><strong>USB 3.x:</strong> fino a ~900 mA</li>
        <li><strong>USB-C 5V:</strong> 1,5–3 A se supportato</li>
        <li><strong>Protezione ingresso:</strong> eFuse/limitatore corrente, OVP, TVS, reverse-blocking</li>
        <li><strong>Budget termico:</strong> preferisci switching se ΔV·I alto</li>
      </ul>
    </section>

    <section id="calcoli">
      <h2>Calcoli rapidi</h2>
      <div class="grid">
        <div>
          <h3>Corrente di carica</h3>
          <p>Per capacità \(C\) (Ah):</p>
          <p>

\[ I_{\text{Li-ion/LFP}} \approx 0.3C \text{–} 0.5C,\quad I_{\text{NiMH}} \approx 0.1C\ (\text{fast})\ \text{o}\ 0.05C\ (\text{overnight}) \]

</p>
        </div>
        <div>
          <h3>Tempo di carica</h3>
          <p>Stima semplificata:</p>
          <p>

\[ t \approx \frac{C}{I} \times 1.2 \]

 <span class="muted">(fattore 1.2 per perdite e fasi CV/trickle)</span></p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </section>

    <!-- Le sezioni specifiche (NiMH 1S, 3S, 4S, 9V, Li-ion 1S, LiFePO4 1S) sono identiche a quelle già incluse nel concept precedente -->

    <section id="universale-semplice">
      <h2>Universale Semplice</h2>
      <p class="muted">Un unico dispositivo USB 5V con selettore manuale per profili: NiMH 1S, NiMH 3S, NiMH 4S, 9V, Li-ion 1S, LiFePO<sub>4</sub> 1S.</p>
      <div class="schema">
        <h4>Schema a blocchi</h4>
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          <rect x="150" y="30" width="240" height="60" rx="12" fill="none" stroke="#34d399"/>
          <text x="270" y="65" text-anchor="middle" fill="#34d399">Buck CC/CV</text>
          <text x="270" y="85" text-anchor="middle" fill="#34d399">(Li-ion/LFP)</text>
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          <text x="270" y="185" text-anchor="middle" fill="#6366f1">(NiMH/9V)</text>
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          <text x="525" y="85" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fbbf24">profili</text>
          <text x="525" y="105" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fbbf24">NTC opzionale</text>
          <text x="525" y="125" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fbbf24">timer/fault</text>
          <text x="525" y="145" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fbbf24">LED stato</text>
          <!-- Uscite -->
          <rect x="660" y="30" width="300" height="60" rx="12" fill="none" stroke="#a3a3a3"/>
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          <rect x="660" y="130" width="300" height="60" rx="12" fill="none" stroke="#a3a3a3"/>
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      </div>
    </section>

    <section id="universale-pro">
      <h2>Universale Pro</h2>
      <p class="muted">Dispositivo programmabile con MCU, auto-rilevazione pack, profili editabili e telemetria completa.</p>
      <div class="schema">
        <h4>Schema a blocchi</h4>
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          <rect x="150" y="30" width="260" height="160" rx="12" fill="none" stroke="#34d399"/>
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          <rect x="430" y="30" width="220" height="160" rx="12" fill="none" stroke="#fbbf24"/>
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          <text x="540" y="105" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fbbf24">-ΔV/Dt/NiMH</text>
          <text x="540" y="125" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fbbf24">CC/CV Li-ion/LFP</text>
          <text x="540" y="145" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fbbf24">Display & UI</text>
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          <rect x="660" y="30" width="220" height="160" rx="12" fill="none" stroke="#a3a3a3"/>
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          <text x="770" y="105" text-anchor="middle" fill="#a3a3a3">OVP/UVP/OCP/SCP</text>
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          <text x="770" y="145" text-anchor="middle" fill="#a3a3a3">Watchdog & Fault</text>
          <!-- Connessioni -->
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          <line x1="130" y1="110" x2="150" y2="160" stroke="#60A5FA"/>
          <line x1="410" y1="60" x2="430" y2="60" stroke="#34d399"/>
          <line x1="410" y1="160" x2="430" y2="160" stroke="#34d399"/>
          <line x1="650" y1="110" x2="660" y2="110" stroke="#fbbf24"/>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </section>

    <section id="bom-generale">
      <h2>Componenti e note generali</h2>
      <ul>
        <li><strong>eFuse / limitatore</strong> per USB</li>
        <li><strong>Buck / Boost / Buck-Boost</strong> in base al ΔV e alla chimica</li>
        <li><strong>Controller di carica</strong> dedicato o MCU programmabile</li>
        <li><strong>Shunt & ADC</strong> per sensing preciso di I/V</li>
        <li><strong>NTC</strong> per monitoraggio temperatura</li>
        <li><strong>Protezioni batteria</strong>: BMS/PCM Li-ion/LFP, fusibili PTC per NiMH/SLA</li>
        <li><strong>Interfaccia utente</strong>: LED, display, selettori</li>
        <li><strong>Connettori</strong>: polarità protetta, jack multipli (USB, batteria, NTC)</li>
      </ul>
    </section>

    <footer id="licenza">
      <h2>Licenza & Contatti</h2>
      <p>Progetto rilasciato con <a href="https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Licenza MIT</a>.</p>
      <p>Repository e sorgenti: <a href="https://github.com/bocaletto-luca/usb-charge-battery" target="_blank" rel="noopener">github.com/bocaletto-luca/usb-charge-battery</a></p>
      <p>Autore: <strong>Bocaletto Luca</strong> — <a href="mailto:lucabocaletto@example.com">lucabocaletto@example.com</a></p>
      <p class="small">Ultimo aggiornamento: 23 Agosto 2025</p>
    </footer>
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