@@ -112,6 +112,14 @@ Optional keyword arguments:
   served at the URL is a separate JSON artifact from the `client_metadata` keyword above:
   the DCR `client_metadata` MUST NOT include `client_id`, while the CIMD document MUST include
   `client_id` set to the document URL, `client_name`, and `redirect_uris` covering `redirect_uri`.
+- `token_request_params`: Hash of String keys and values added to every token request the provider makes,
+  for parameters the authorization server requires beyond the grant itself, such as Auth0's `audience`.
+  Defaults to `nil`, which adds nothing. The authorization request is not affected.
+  A key the SDK sets itself (listed in `Flow::RESERVED_TOKEN_REQUEST_PARAMS`), a Hash that compares keys by identity,
+  or a value that is not a Hash of Strings is refused with `Flow::InvalidTokenRequestParamsError`, a subclass of `ArgumentError`,
+  when the provider is built, and the accepted Hash is copied and frozen.
+  Any provider that defines a `token_request_params` method gets the same treatment on every token request it makes;
+  the flow checks the returned value by the same rules and raises the same error before the token request is sent.
 
 {: .warning }
 > The OAuth 2.0 Dynamic Client Registration Protocol (RFC 7591) is deprecated as a client registration mechanism as of MCP 2026-07-28 in favor of Client ID Metadata Documents,
@@ -192,6 +200,7 @@ provider = MCP::Client::OAuth::ClientCredentialsProvider.new(
   client_secret: ENV.fetch("MCP_CLIENT_SECRET"),
   # token_endpoint_auth_method: "client_secret_basic" (default), "client_secret_post", or "private_key_jwt"
   # scope: "mcp:read mcp:write" (optional; used when the server does not advertise scopes)
+  # token_request_params: { "audience" => "https://api.example.com" } (optional; parameters the authorization server requires)
 )
 
 transport = MCP::Client::HTTP.new(url: "https://api.example.com/mcp", oauth: provider)
@@ -207,7 +216,8 @@ Keyword arguments:
 - `private_key`, `signing_algorithm`: Required with `private_key_jwt` - the key (a PEM string
   or `OpenSSL::PKey::PKey`, never written to `storage`) signs the client assertion with `"ES256"`
   or `"RS256"`; `client_secret` must not be set, because the private key is the credential.
-- `scope`, `storage`, `authorization_request_validator`: Optional, same meaning as on `Provider`.
+- `scope`, `storage`, `authorization_request_validator`, `token_request_params`: Optional, same meaning as on `Provider`.
+  Use `token_request_params` for a parameter the authorization server requires on the `client_credentials` grant, such as Auth0's `audience`.
 
 ### Cross-App Access (JWT Bearer) Grant
 
@@ -244,7 +254,7 @@ Keyword arguments:
 - `assertion_provider`: Required. Callable invoked as `call(audience:, resource:)` and returning the ID-JAG assertion.
   `audience` is the MCP authorization server's validated issuer identifier; `resource` is the canonical MCP server URL (RFC 8707).
   Passing both through to `IDJAGTokenExchange.request` covers the common case.
-- `scope`, `storage`, `authorization_request_validator`: Optional, same meaning as on `Provider`.
+- `scope`, `storage`, `authorization_request_validator`, `token_request_params`: Optional, same meaning as on `Provider`.
 
 ### Communication Security
 
 
@@ -37,11 +37,15 @@ module OAuth
       #   also take the algorithm as an explicit option).
       # - `scope`   - String of space-separated scopes to request when the server's
       #   `WWW-Authenticate` and the Protected Resource Metadata do not specify one.
-      # - `storage` - Object responding to `tokens`, `save_tokens(tokens)`,
-      #   `client_information`, and `save_client_information(info)`. Defaults to
-      #   an `InMemoryStorage`. The `client_id` / `client_secret` are written
-      #   into it so the token exchange reads them through the same path as
-      #   a pre-registered authorization-code client.
+      # - `storage` - Object responding to `tokens`, `save_tokens(tokens)`, `client_information`,
+      #   and `save_client_information(info)`. Defaults to an `InMemoryStorage`.
+      #   The `client_id` / `client_secret` are written into it so the token exchange reads
+      #   them through the same path as a pre-registered authorization-code client.
+      # - `token_request_params` - Hash of String keys and values added to every
+      #   token request this provider makes, for parameters the authorization
+      #   server requires beyond the grant itself (Auth0's `audience`, for example).
+      #   A key in `Flow::RESERVED_TOKEN_REQUEST_PARAMS` raises `Flow::InvalidTokenRequestParamsError`.
+      #   The Hash is copied and frozen. See `StorageBackedProvider#token_request_params`.
       class ClientCredentialsProvider
         include StorageBackedProvider
 
@@ -61,7 +65,8 @@ def initialize(
           signing_algorithm: nil,
           scope: nil,
           storage: nil,
-          authorization_request_validator: nil
+          authorization_request_validator: nil,
+          token_request_params: nil
         )
           if blank?(client_id)
             raise InvalidCredentialsError, "client_id is required for the client_credentials grant."
@@ -105,6 +110,7 @@ def initialize(
           @scope = scope
           @storage = storage || InMemoryStorage.new
           @authorization_request_validator = authorization_request_validator
+          @token_request_params = frozen_token_request_params(token_request_params)
           @storage.save_client_information(client_information)
         end
 
 
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ module OAuth
       #   the Protected Resource Metadata do not specify one.
       # - `storage` - Object responding to `tokens`, `save_tokens(tokens)`, `client_information`, and `save_client_information(info)`.
       #   Defaults to an `InMemoryStorage`.
+      # - `token_request_params` - Hash of String keys and values added to the `jwt-bearer` token request, for parameters
+      #   the authorization server requires beyond the grant itself. A key in `Flow::RESERVED_TOKEN_REQUEST_PARAMS` raises
+      #   `Flow::InvalidTokenRequestParamsError`. The Hash is copied and frozen.
+      #   See `StorageBackedProvider#token_request_params`.
       #
       # https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/modelcontextprotocol/issues/990
       class CrossAppAccessProvider
@@ -35,7 +39,15 @@ class InvalidConfigurationError < ArgumentError; end
 
         attr_reader :scope, :storage
 
-        def initialize(client_id:, client_secret:, assertion_provider:, scope: nil, storage: nil, authorization_request_validator: nil)
+        def initialize(
+          client_id:,
+          client_secret:,
+          assertion_provider:,
+          scope: nil,
+          storage: nil,
+          authorization_request_validator: nil,
+          token_request_params: nil
+        )
           if blank?(client_id)
             raise InvalidConfigurationError, "client_id is required for the jwt-bearer grant."
           end
@@ -52,6 +64,7 @@ def initialize(client_id:, client_secret:, assertion_provider:, scope: nil, stor
           @scope = scope
           @storage = storage || InMemoryStorage.new
           @authorization_request_validator = authorization_request_validator
+          @token_request_params = frozen_token_request_params(token_request_params)
           @storage.save_client_information(
             "client_id" => client_id,
             "client_secret" => client_secret,
 
@@ -17,6 +17,23 @@ class Flow
         TOKEN_ENDPOINT_ERROR_MAX_LENGTH = 128
         TOKEN_ENDPOINT_ERROR_DESCRIPTION_MAX_LENGTH = 512
 
+        # Token request parameters the flow sets itself. Its values win over a provider's `token_request_params`,
+        # so a provider naming one of these is refused rather than left believing its value was sent.
+        RESERVED_TOKEN_REQUEST_PARAMS = [
+          "grant_type",
+          "client_id",
+          "client_secret",
+          "client_assertion",
+          "client_assertion_type",
+          "scope",
+          "resource",
+          "code",
+          "code_verifier",
+          "redirect_uri",
+          "refresh_token",
+          "assertion",
+        ].freeze
+
         class AuthorizationError < StandardError
           attr_reader :http_status, :error, :error_description
 
@@ -40,6 +57,33 @@ class InvalidGrantError < AuthorizationError; end
         # or authorization server metadata failure by rescuing a class rather than by matching the message text.
         class AuthorizationRefusedError < AuthorizationError; end
 
+        # Raised for a `token_request_params` value the SDK refuses: a reserved key, a Hash comparing keys by identity,
+        # or anything but a Hash of Strings. An `ArgumentError` because the value is a configuration mistake,
+        # not a failed authorization, and deliberately outside `AuthorizationError`, which `MCP::Client::HTTP` treats on
+        # a failed refresh as a reason to run the interactive flow.
+        class InvalidTokenRequestParamsError < ArgumentError; end
+
+        class << self
+          # Returns why `params` cannot ride a token request as `token_request_params`, or `nil` when it can.
+          # Shared by the provider constructors and the flow, which both refuse the value with `InvalidTokenRequestParamsError`,
+          # so the same problem reads the same wherever it surfaces.
+          def token_request_params_problem(params)
+            return "must be a Hash (got #{params.class})." unless params.is_a?(Hash)
+
+            # Two equal keys are two entries here, which would be sent twice from a provider method
+            # or silently collapse into one when the constructors copy the Hash.
+            return "must not compare keys by identity." if params.compare_by_identity?
+
+            params.each do |key, value|
+              return "keys must be Strings (got #{key.class})." unless key.is_a?(String)
+              return "values must be Strings (got #{value.class} for #{key.inspect})." unless value.is_a?(String)
+              return "must not set #{key.inspect}, which the SDK sets itself." if RESERVED_TOKEN_REQUEST_PARAMS.include?(key)
+            end
+
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+
         def initialize(provider:, http_client_factory: nil)
           @provider = provider
           @http_client_factory = http_client_factory || -> { default_http_client }
@@ -960,6 +1004,22 @@ def provider_authorization_flow
           @provider.authorization_flow
         end
 
+        # Parameters the provider adds to every token request it makes (RFC 6749 Section 8.2 leaves room for them;
+        # Auth0's `audience` is the usual one). Duck-typed like `authorization_flow`, so a provider without the method,
+        # or one returning `nil`, adds nothing.
+        # A bad value raises `InvalidTokenRequestParamsError`, as the provider constructors do.
+        def provider_token_request_params
+          return {} unless @provider.respond_to?(:token_request_params)
+
+          params = @provider.token_request_params
+          return {} if params.nil?
+
+          problem = self.class.token_request_params_problem(params)
+          raise InvalidTokenRequestParamsError, "The provider's token_request_params #{problem}" if problem
+
+          params
+        end
+
         def build_authorization_url(as_metadata:, client_id:, scope:, state:, code_challenge:, resource:)
           authorization_endpoint = as_metadata["authorization_endpoint"]
           unless authorization_endpoint
@@ -1012,6 +1072,9 @@ def exchange_refresh_token(as_metadata:, client_info:, refresh_token:, resource:
         # Submits a form-encoded token request using the authentication method
         # stored in `client_information`. The method determines whether client
         # credentials belong in the form body, a Basic header, or a JWT assertion.
+        # A provider's `token_request_params` go underneath the flow's own parameters,
+        # which therefore win, and are refused before the request is sent when they name
+        # a reserved parameter or are not a Hash of Strings.
         def post_to_token_endpoint(as_metadata:, client_info:, form:)
           client_id = client_info_required_value(client_info, "client_id")
           unless client_id
@@ -1021,6 +1084,7 @@ def post_to_token_endpoint(as_metadata:, client_info:, form:)
 
           client_secret = client_info_required_value(client_info, "client_secret")
           token_endpoint_auth_method = client_info_value(client_info, "token_endpoint_auth_method")
+          form = provider_token_request_params.merge(form)
 
           # Apply one client authentication method per request (RFC 6749 Section 2.3).
           headers = {}
 
@@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ module OAuth
       #   The document served at the URL is a separate JSON artifact from the `client_metadata` keyword:
       #   DCR `client_metadata` MUST NOT include `client_id`, while the CIMD document MUST include `client_id` set
       #   to the URL, `client_name`, and `redirect_uris` covering `redirect_uri`.
+      # - `token_request_params` - Hash of String keys and values added to every token request this provider makes
+      #   (the authorization code exchange and refresh), for parameters the authorization server requires beyond
+      #   the grant itself. The authorization request is not affected. A key in `Flow::RESERVED_TOKEN_REQUEST_PARAMS`
+      #   raises `Flow::InvalidTokenRequestParamsError`.
+      #   The Hash is copied and frozen. See `StorageBackedProvider#token_request_params`.
       class Provider
         include StorageBackedProvider
 
@@ -87,7 +92,8 @@ def initialize(
           scope: nil,
           storage: nil,
           client_id_metadata_document_url: nil,
-          authorization_request_validator: nil
+          authorization_request_validator: nil,
+          token_request_params: nil
         )
           unless Discovery.secure_url?(redirect_uri)
             raise InsecureRedirectURIError,
@@ -117,6 +123,7 @@ def initialize(
           @storage = storage || InMemoryStorage.new
           @client_id_metadata_document_url = client_id_metadata_document_url
           @authorization_request_validator = authorization_request_validator
+          @token_request_params = frozen_token_request_params(token_request_params)
         end
 
         # Identifies the OAuth flow this provider drives.
 
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ module MCP
   class Client
     module OAuth
       # Shared token/credential persistence for the OAuth provider classes
-      # (`Provider` for the authorization-code flow and `ClientCredentialsProvider`
-      # for the client_credentials flow). The two grants differ in how they authenticate,
-      # but both read and write the same two pieces of state through a `storage` object:
-      # the token response and the client information. This module supplies that delegation
-      # so the `Flow` orchestrator can treat any provider uniformly.
+      # (`Provider` for the authorization-code flow, `ClientCredentialsProvider`
+      # for the client_credentials flow, and `CrossAppAccessProvider` for the jwt-bearer flow).
+      # The grants differ in how they authenticate, but all read and write the same two pieces of state
+      # through a `storage` object: the token response and the client information. This module supplies
+      # that delegation so the `Flow` orchestrator can treat any provider uniformly.
       #
       # Including classes must set `@storage` to an object responding to `tokens`,
       # `save_tokens(tokens)`, `client_information`, and `save_client_information(info)`
@@ -21,6 +21,13 @@ module StorageBackedProvider
         # MCP SDK has today.
         attr_reader :authorization_request_validator
 
+        # Optional Hash of String keys and values added to every token request the provider makes, for parameters
+        # the authorization server requires beyond the grant itself (RFC 6749 Section 8.2 leaves room for them;
+        # Auth0's `audience` is the usual one). `nil` (the default) adds nothing.
+        # Set through `frozen_token_request_params`, which refuses a key `Flow` sets itself or a wrongly shaped value
+        # with `Flow::InvalidTokenRequestParamsError`.
+        attr_reader :token_request_params
+
         def access_token
           tokens&.dig("access_token") || tokens&.dig(:access_token)
         end
@@ -44,6 +51,21 @@ def save_client_information(info)
         def clear_tokens!
           @storage.save_tokens(nil)
         end
+
+        private
+
+        # Constructors call this before writing to `storage`, so a rejected provider leaves it untouched.
+        # The copy has its own frozen keys and values, so a later change to the caller's Hash, to a key,
+        # or to a value cannot alter what is sent to the token endpoint. Keys are copied explicitly
+        # because `Hash` copies and freezes only keys whose class is exactly `String`.
+        def frozen_token_request_params(params)
+          return if params.nil?
+
+          problem = Flow.token_request_params_problem(params)
+          raise Flow::InvalidTokenRequestParamsError, "token_request_params #{problem}" if problem
+
+          params.each_with_object({}) { |(key, value), copy| copy[key.dup.freeze] = value.dup.freeze }.freeze
+        end
       end
     end
   end