@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+---
+'@objectstack/service-automation': patch
+---
+
+fix(service-automation): a refused write inside a `map` item or a `subflow` reaches the flow's caller as the structured refusal
+
+Clause-②: no
+Metadata-protocol: none
+
+A flow whose data node met a refusal (a permission, a validation rule, a duplicate, an app hook's declared refusal) already reported it on the run's result as `innerRefusal` (`{ code, message }`) and the producer-marked `userMessage`, and every flow door served them on the `FLOW_FAILED` details. When that write sat inside a `map` item or a `subflow`, the container built a new failure of its own and the two members were lost, so the caller got only the whole node chain as text (`Node 'recalc_each' failed: map 'recalc_each': item 0 (subflow '…') failed: …`). Both containers now carry the child run's members onto the failure they return, so the refusal reaches the top run however deep it was met, nested `map` → `subflow` included. A `map` stops at its first failing item and carries that item's refusal. A child that failed with no refusal carries none, as before, and the `error` text is unchanged.
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type { MapConfigParsed } from '@objectstack/spec/automation';
 import type { AutomationContext } from '@objectstack/spec/contracts';
 import type { AutomationEngine } from '../engine.js';
 import { refuseNode } from '../guard-refusal.js';
+import { carriedRefusalOfResult } from '../inner-refusal.js';
 import { parseNodeConfig } from './parse-config.js';
 import { collectionNotAList, resolveCollectionSlot, resolveValueSlotMap } from './value-slot-map.js';
 
@@ -220,6 +221,10 @@ export function registerMapNode(engine: AutomationEngine, ctx: PluginContext): v
           return {
             success: false,
             error: `map '${node.id}': item ${idx} (subflow '${flowName}') failed: ${child.error ?? 'unknown error'}`,
+            // The failing item's refusal, carried beside the re-worded `error`
+            // (`inner-refusal.ts`); `{}` for a child that met none. The batch
+            // stops here, so it is this — the first failing — item's.
+            ...carriedRefusalOfResult(child),
             // Items that already succeeded wrote real rows; a later item's
             // failure must not erase them from the run's totals — and the
             // failing item's own writes count too, for the same reason.
 
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import type { AutomationContext } from '@objectstack/spec/contracts';
 import type { AutomationEngine } from '../engine.js';
 import { resolveValueSlotMap } from './value-slot-map.js';
 import { refuseNode } from '../guard-refusal.js';
+import { carriedRefusalOfResult } from '../inner-refusal.js';
 import { parseNodeConfig } from './parse-config.js';
 
 /** Hard cap on subflow nesting — turns an accidental cycle into a clean error. */
@@ -169,6 +170,9 @@ export function registerSubflowNode(engine: AutomationEngine, ctx: PluginContext
         return {
           success: false,
           error: `subflow '${flowName}' failed: ${child.error ?? 'unknown error'}`,
+          // The child's refusal, carried beside the re-worded `error`
+          // (`inner-refusal.ts`); `{}` for a child that met none.
+          ...carriedRefusalOfResult(child),
           ...(rolled ? { metrics: rolled } : {}),
         };
       }
 
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@
  *     `resumeInternal` stranded exit (a write behind a screen — the card's
  *     measured case) and the retry exits; a `loop` frame the failure unwinds
  *     through does not lose them; a `fault` edge that handles the failure
- *     leaves the run with none;
+ *     leaves the run with none; a `map` item's or a `subflow` child's
+ *     refusal crosses that container (nested too), and a child that met no
+ *     refusal carries none;
  *  4. ⛔ `error` is byte-identical to the composition it always had — the
  *     diagnostic channel does not move.
  *
@@ -39,6 +41,8 @@ import { AutomationEngine } from './engine.js';
 import type { NodeExecutor } from './engine.js';
 import { registerCrudNodes } from './builtin/crud-nodes.js';
 import { registerLoopNode } from './builtin/loop-node.js';
+import { registerMapNode } from './builtin/map-node.js';
+import { registerSubflowNode } from './builtin/subflow-node.js';
 import { DuplicateRecordError, ValidationError } from '@objectstack/objectql';
 import { PermissionDeniedError } from '@objectstack/plugin-security';
 import { defineActionDescriptor } from '@objectstack/spec/automation';
@@ -359,3 +363,138 @@ describe('#24914 — every terminal exit the ruling names carries the members',
         expect('userMessage' in result).toBe(false);
     });
 });
+
+describe('a `map` item and a `subflow` child carry the refusal across the container', () => {
+    /** start → mk (create_record) → end — the per-item / called flow that meets the refusal. */
+    const WRITER = 'write_one';
+
+    /** start → seed (rows) → each (map over `flowName`) → end. */
+    function mapFlow(name: string, flowName: string): any {
+        return {
+            name, label: name, type: 'autolaunched',
+            nodes: [
+                { id: 'start', type: 'start', label: 'Start' },
+                { id: 'query', type: 'seed', label: 'Seed' },
+                {
+                    id: 'each', type: 'map', label: 'Each',
+                    config: { collection: { dialect: 'cel', source: 'rows' }, flowName, iteratorVariable: 'row' },
+                },
+                { id: 'end', type: 'end', label: 'End' },
+            ],
+            edges: [
+                { id: 'e1', source: 'start', target: 'query' },
+                { id: 'e2', source: 'query', target: 'each' },
+                { id: 'e3', source: 'each', target: 'end' },
+            ],
+        };
+    }
+
+    /** start → call (subflow `flowName`) → end. */
+    function subflowFlow(name: string, flowName: string): any {
+        return {
+            name, label: name, type: 'autolaunched',
+            nodes: [
+                { id: 'start', type: 'start', label: 'Start' },
+                { id: 'call', type: 'subflow', label: 'Call', config: { flowName } },
+                { id: 'end', type: 'end', label: 'End' },
+            ],
+            edges: [
+                { id: 'e1', source: 'start', target: 'call' },
+                { id: 'e2', source: 'call', target: 'end' },
+            ],
+        };
+    }
+
+    function containerEngine(data: any): AutomationEngine {
+        const engine = new AutomationEngine(makeLogger());
+        const ctx = ctxWith(data);
+        registerCrudNodes(engine, ctx);
+        registerMapNode(engine, ctx);
+        registerSubflowNode(engine, ctx);
+        engine.registerNodeExecutor({
+            type: 'seed',
+            async execute(_node, variables) {
+                variables.set('rows', [{ n: 1 }, { n: 2 }]);
+                return { success: true };
+            },
+        } as NodeExecutor);
+        engine.registerFlow(WRITER, createFlow(WRITER));
+        return engine;
+    }
+
+    const childText = (err: Error) => `Node 'mk' failed: create_record(crm_account) failed: ${err.message}`;
+
+    it('map: the failing item\'s refusal reaches the run — code and userMessage — and the text keeps its chain', async () => {
+        const err = markedHook();
+        const engine = containerEngine(refusingData(err));
+        engine.registerFlow('recalc', mapFlow('recalc', WRITER));
+
+        const result = await engine.execute('recalc', { userId: 'u1' });
+
+        expect(result.status).toBe('failed');
+        expect(result.innerRefusal).toEqual({ code: 'RESOURCE_CONFLICT', message: err.message });
+        expect(result.userMessage).toBe(HOOK_USER_TEXT);
+        expect(result.error).toBe(`Node 'each' failed: map 'each': item 0 (subflow '${WRITER}') failed: ${childText(err)}`);
+    });
+
+    it('map: the batch stops at the first failing item, so the run carries THAT item\'s refusal', async () => {
+        const first = validation();
+        const second = permission();
+        let calls = 0;
+        const data = refusingData(undefined);
+        data.insert = async () => { calls += 1; throw calls === 1 ? first : second; };
+        const engine = containerEngine(data);
+        engine.registerFlow('recalc', mapFlow('recalc', WRITER));
+
+        const result = await engine.execute('recalc', { userId: 'u1' });
+
+        expect(calls).toBe(1);
+        expect(result.innerRefusal).toEqual({ code: 'VALIDATION_FAILED', message: 'Amount must be positive' });
+    });
+
+    it('subflow: the child\'s refusal reaches the parent run — code and userMessage', async () => {
+        const err = markedHook();
+        const engine = containerEngine(refusingData(err));
+        engine.registerFlow('outer', subflowFlow('outer', WRITER));
+
+        const result = await engine.execute('outer', { userId: 'u1' });
+
+        expect(result.status).toBe('failed');
+        expect(result.innerRefusal).toEqual({ code: 'RESOURCE_CONFLICT', message: err.message });
+        expect(result.userMessage).toBe(HOOK_USER_TEXT);
+        expect(result.error).toBe(`Node 'call' failed: subflow '${WRITER}' failed: ${childText(err)}`);
+    });
+
+    it('map → subflow nested: the refusal two containers deep reaches the top run', async () => {
+        const err = permission();
+        const engine = containerEngine(refusingData(err));
+        engine.registerFlow('item_flow', subflowFlow('item_flow', WRITER));
+        engine.registerFlow('recalc', mapFlow('recalc', 'item_flow'));
+
+        const result = await engine.execute('recalc', { userId: 'u1' });
+
+        expect(result.status).toBe('failed');
+        expect(result.innerRefusal).toEqual({ code: 'PERMISSION_DENIED', message: err.message });
+        expect(result.error).toBe(
+            `Node 'each' failed: map 'each': item 0 (subflow 'item_flow') failed: `
+            + `Node 'call' failed: subflow '${WRITER}' failed: ${childText(err)}`,
+        );
+    });
+
+    it('control: a child that failed with NO refusal (a fault) leaves both containers carrying neither member', async () => {
+        const fault = new Error('ECONNREFUSED: could not reach the store');
+        const engine = containerEngine(refusingData(fault));
+        engine.registerFlow('item_flow', subflowFlow('item_flow', WRITER));
+        engine.registerFlow('recalc', mapFlow('recalc', 'item_flow'));
+        engine.registerFlow('outer', subflowFlow('outer', WRITER));
+
+        for (const name of ['recalc', 'outer']) {
+            const result = await engine.execute(name, { userId: 'u1' });
+            expect(result.status).toBe('failed');
+            expect('innerRefusal' in result).toBe(false);
+            expect('userMessage' in result).toBe(false);
+        }
+        const outer = await engine.execute('outer', { userId: 'u1' });
+        expect(outer.error).toBe(`Node 'call' failed: subflow '${WRITER}' failed: ${childText(fault)}`);
+    });
+});
@@ -117,11 +117,17 @@ export function refusalCarriedBy(err: unknown): CarriedRefusal {
  * through rethrows the SAME object, so the brand reaches the terminal exit
  * unchanged.
  *
- * A container that re-words a child failure into a NEW returned failure of
- * its own (`try_catch` with no catch region, `subflow`) builds a new error,
- * and the brand does not cross it; the run's result then carries no member,
- * which the spec's "present only when a refusal was met" allows and which
- * never invents one.
+ * A container that runs a CHILD flow and re-words its failure into a NEW
+ * returned failure of its own — `subflow`, and `map` for its failing item —
+ * carries the child run's members onto that returned failure
+ * (`carriedRefusalOfResult(child)`), so the engine brands its throw like any
+ * data node's and the refusal reaches the top run however deep it was met.
+ * The child's result is the only source: a child that met no refusal spreads
+ * `{}`, and a `map` stops at its first failing item, so it carries that
+ * item's. A `try_catch` with no catch region still builds a new error the
+ * brand does not cross; the run's result then carries no member, which the
+ * spec's "present only when a refusal was met" allows and which never
+ * invents one.
  */
 export const CARRIED_REFUSAL: unique symbol = Symbol.for(
     'objectstack.automation.carriedRefusal',
@@ -158,7 +164,9 @@ export function readCarriedRefusal(err: unknown): CarriedRefusal {
 /**
  * The members an attempt's RESULT carries — for `retryExecution`, whose
  * exhausted exit reports the last attempt's failure and must report that
- * attempt's refusal beside it, never an earlier attempt's.
+ * attempt's refusal beside it, never an earlier attempt's — and for the
+ * `subflow` / `map` failure arms, which carry their child run's refusal onto
+ * the failure they return.
  */
 export function carriedRefusalOfResult(result: AutomationResult): CarriedRefusal {
     return pickCarried(result);