@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+'@objectstack/plugin-auth': patch
+'@objectstack/plugin-audit': patch
+---
+
+feat(plugin-auth, plugin-audit): a sign-in the IP allow-list refuses leaves one `login_failed` row in the audit log, bounded per client address
+
+Clause-②: yes (widening)
+Metadata-protocol: none
+
+A sign-in refused by the ADR-0069 D5 IP allow-list used to leave nothing in `sys_audit_log`: the deployment's list answered `403 IP_NOT_ALLOWED` with only a once-per-process operator line, and an organization's own list refused the session silently. Both now write a `login_failed` row with `metadata.reason: "IP_NOT_ALLOWED"`, `metadata.rule: "ip_allow_list"`, `metadata.endpoint` and `metadata.attempts`, and the client address and user agent in `ip_address` / `user_agent`:
+
+- **The deployment's list** refuses before any account is resolved. Its row names the account when the request's `email` resolves to one (the password sign-in's own account lookup), and is written with no account otherwise. Only `/sign-in/*` endpoints are recorded; a refused session read or sign-out is not a sign-in. The row is written off the response path, so the refusal's status, body and timing do not depend on whether the address names an account.
+- **An organization's own list** refuses when the session is created. Its row names the account and the organization (`tenant_id`). A refused switch of the active organization is not a sign-in and writes no row.
+
+The rows are bounded so a scanner cannot flood the table: per client address, in a 10-minute window from its first refusal, only the 1st, 10th and 100th refusal write a row (`attempts` 1, 10, 100); across all addresses, at most 1000 rows per 10-minute window, with one operator `warn` line in a window once the cap drops a row. The bound is held in each server process, so N replicas write up to N times as many rows. No row carries the submitted identifier or the password.
+
+`@objectstack/plugin-audit`'s `AuthSessionAuditEvent.userId` and `@objectstack/plugin-auth`'s `AuthEventAuditSurface` event `userId` are now optional: a `login_failed` with no `userId` is written with `user_id` and `record_id` null (a row about no record, read under the ledger's own grant, platform administrators only when it names no organization). Any other event without a `userId` still writes nothing. `AuthManager.resolveRefusedSignInAccountId(email)` is new: the account a refused sign-in names, used only for that row. A sink registered on the `audit` service slot now receives `login_failed` events with no `userId`, so a custom sink must accept one. The exported `signInFailureEventFor` now answers `null` for `reason: 'IP_NOT_ALLOWED'`, because the door that refused the sign-in writes that row itself.
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The slot's entire surface is one method:
 ```ts
 services.audit.recordAuthEvent(event: {
   action: 'login' | 'logout' | 'login_failed' | 'account_locked';
-  userId: string;
+  userId?: string;
   sessionId?: string;
   organizationId?: string;
   ipAddress?: string;
@@ -46,11 +46,17 @@ services.audit.recordAuthEvent(event: {
   hands over an **event** (what happened) rather than a row (what to store).
   - `login` / `logout` are **session events**: a sign-in that minted a session, and a
     sign-out.
-  - `login_failed` / `account_locked` are **account events**: a refused password sign-in
-    that named an existing account, and the refused sign-in that stamped the account
+  - `login_failed` / `account_locked` are **account events**: a refused sign-in — a
+    password sign-in that named an existing account, or any `/sign-in/*` request the IP
+    allow-list refused (ADR-0069 D5) — and the refused sign-in that stamped the account
     lockout (`lockoutThreshold`, ADR-0069 D2). They exist without any session.
-- **`userId`** is required and must be a real `sys_user` id — it lands on the strict
-  `user_id` lookup. On an account event it is the account the sign-in named.
+- **`userId`** must be a real `sys_user` id when given — it lands on the strict `user_id`
+  lookup. On an account event it is the account the sign-in named. Every event names one
+  except a `login_failed` refused before any account could be resolved: the deployment's
+  IP allow-list refuses ahead of better-auth, and the identifier the request carried may
+  name no account. That row is written with `user_id` and `record_id` null — a row about
+  no record, read under the ledger's own grant — and still carries the client address and
+  the rule. Any other event without a `userId` writes nothing.
 - **`sessionId`** lands on `record_id`, with `object_name` set to `sys_session`, so the
   ledger row is navigable to the session it describes. An account event names its account
   instead — `object_name` `sys_user` and `record_id` the account's id — and does not read
@@ -67,9 +73,23 @@ services.audit.recordAuthEvent(event: {
   because a refused attempt authenticated nobody.
 - **`context`** is free-form and is serialized into `metadata`, e.g. the endpoint that
   produced the event (`/sign-in/email`, `/sign-out`). On an account event it is the
-  endpoint, the refusal's machine code (`reason`, e.g. `INVALID_EMAIL_OR_PASSWORD` or
-  `ACCOUNT_LOCKED`) and, for `account_locked`, the lock's `locked_until` and `threshold`.
-  It never carries the attempted credential.
+  endpoint, the refusal's machine code (`reason`, e.g. `INVALID_EMAIL_OR_PASSWORD`,
+  `ACCOUNT_LOCKED` or `IP_NOT_ALLOWED`) and, for `account_locked`, the lock's `locked_until`
+  and `threshold`. It never carries the attempted credential.
+  - A sign-in an authentication **policy** holds or refuses also names the policy, in
+    `rule`. A sign-in held by enforced MFA (ADR-0069 D3) is not refused — the session is
+    minted — so its own `login` row carries `reason: 'MFA_REQUIRED'` and
+    `rule: 'mfa_required'`. A sign-in the IP allow-list refuses (ADR-0069 D5), by the
+    deployment's list or by the organization's own list when the session is created, is a
+    `login_failed` with `reason: 'IP_NOT_ALLOWED'`, `rule: 'ip_allow_list'` and
+    `attempts`, below; the organization's refusal also names the organization. A refused
+    switch of the active organization is not a sign-in and writes no row.
+  - IP allow-list rows are **bounded** so a scanner cannot flood the ledger: per client
+    address, in a 10-minute window from its first refusal, only the 1st, 10th and 100th
+    refusal write a row, carrying that count as `attempts`; across all addresses, at most
+    1000 rows per 10-minute window, with one operator `warn` line in a window once the cap
+    drops a row. The bound is held in each server process, so N replicas write up to N
+    times as many rows.
 
 ## Notes
 
@@ -80,8 +100,9 @@ services.audit.recordAuthEvent(event: {
   reference from the moment the plugin initializes.
 - `@objectstack/plugin-auth` is the only in-repo consumer. It resolves the slot lazily
   through a locally-declared structural surface and calls it from the session lifecycle
-  and from the password sign-in outcome, so neither package depends on the other. A
-  sign-in identifier that resolves to no account produces no call.
+  and from the sign-in outcomes, so neither package depends on the other. A password
+  sign-in whose identifier resolves to no account produces no call; an IP allow-list
+  refusal produces one with no `userId`.
 
 ## Typical Errors
 
@@ -98,8 +119,9 @@ caller's side:
   `error` line, once. The sign-in was answered exactly as it would have been without the
   ledger, so the shipped `auth_events` list view and the system-overview widgets keep
   showing an empty, healthy-looking screen.
-- The call **silently no-ops** when no data engine resolves, or when `userId` is absent.
-  A caller that passes an event without a subject records nothing and is told nothing.
+- The call **silently no-ops** when no data engine resolves, or when `userId` is absent on
+  any event but `login_failed`. A caller that passes such an event records nothing and is
+  told nothing.
 - The most common cause of a failing insert is a datasource split rather than a broken
   write: `sys_audit_log` carries an ADR-0057 `audit` lifecycle class, which routes it to a
   dedicated `telemetry` datasource whenever one is registered — `os dev` provisions one by
 
@@ -620,3 +620,54 @@ describe('auth-event audit — reported once per CAUSE, not once per process (#1
     expect(warns[1].message).toMatch(/ERR_SYSTEM_WRITE_ORGANIZATION_REQUIRED/);
   });
 });
+
+/**
+ * [#30924] A sign-in the IP allow-list refuses is refused before any account
+ * is resolved, and the identifier it carried may name no account at all. Its
+ * `login_failed` row is still worth writing — the address and the rule are
+ * the record an enforcement report reads — so a `login_failed` is the one
+ * event that may name no subject. Every other event still needs one.
+ */
+describe('[#30924] a login_failed with no resolvable account is still a row', () => {
+  it('a subject-less login_failed lands about no record, credits nobody, and keeps the address and the rule', async () => {
+    const { engine } = await boot();
+    const sink = createAuthEventAuditSink({ getEngine: () => engine as any });
+
+    await sink.recordAuthEvent({
+      action: 'login_failed',
+      ipAddress: '198.51.100.9',
+      userAgent: 'scanner/1.0',
+      context: { endpoint: '/sign-in/email', reason: 'IP_NOT_ALLOWED', rule: 'ip_allow_list', attempts: 1 },
+    });
+
+    const rows = await ledgerRows(engine, { action: 'login_failed' });
+    expect(rows).toHaveLength(1);
+    const [row] = rows;
+    expect(row.user_id ?? null).toBeNull();
+    expect(row.object_name).toBe('sys_user');
+    expect(row.record_id ?? null).toBeNull();
+    expect(row.actor ?? null).toBeNull();
+    expect(row.tenant_id ?? null).toBeNull();
+    expect(row.ip_address).toBe('198.51.100.9');
+    expect(row.user_agent).toBe('scanner/1.0');
+    expect(JSON.parse(String(row.metadata))).toEqual({
+      endpoint: '/sign-in/email',
+      reason: 'IP_NOT_ALLOWED',
+      rule: 'ip_allow_list',
+      attempts: 1,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('every other event still needs its subject: no row', async () => {
+    const { engine } = await boot();
+    const sink = createAuthEventAuditSink({ getEngine: () => engine as any });
+
+    await sink.recordAuthEvent({ action: 'login', sessionId: 'ses_1' });
+    await sink.recordAuthEvent({ action: 'logout', sessionId: 'ses_1' });
+    await sink.recordAuthEvent({ action: 'account_locked', context: { threshold: 3 } });
+    await sink.recordAuthEvent({ action: 'login_failed', userId: '' });
+
+    expect(await ledgerRows(engine)).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect((await ledgerRows(engine, { action: 'login_failed' }))[0].user_id ?? null).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
@@ -75,6 +75,11 @@
  *    credited with it, and recording the account holder there would claim
  *    they made the attempt.
  *
+ * A `login_failed` whose sign-in was refused before any account resolved
+ * (the IP allow-list, #30924) names no account: `user_id` and `record_id` are
+ * null, so it is a row about no record, read under the ledger's own grant, and
+ * still carries the client address and the refusing rule.
+ *
  * ⛔ An account event never carries the attempted credential, in any form.
  * Its `context` is the endpoint, the refusal's machine code and, for a
  * lockout, the lock's expiry and threshold — nothing the caller typed.
@@ -130,8 +135,14 @@ export interface AuthSessionAuditEvent {
    * The event's subject — a real `sys_user` id (the `user_id` lookup): the
    * session's owner for a session event, the account the sign-in named for an
    * account event.
+   *
+   * [#30924] Optional for one event only: a `login_failed` whose sign-in was
+   * refused before any account could be resolved (the IP allow-list refuses
+   * ahead of better-auth, and the identifier may name no account) is still
+   * written, about no record and attributed to nobody. Every other event
+   * without a subject writes no row.
    */
-  userId: string;
+  userId?: string;
   /**
    * The `sys_session` row a SESSION event is about, when known. An account
    * event names its account instead (module note), so this is not read for
@@ -206,6 +217,15 @@ export interface AuthEventAuditSinkOptions {
   logger?: AuthEventAuditLogger;
 }
 
+/**
+ * [#30924] Whether an event of `action` is written with no subject: only a
+ * refused sign-in (`login_failed`), whose refusal may come before any account
+ * is resolved. A session needs its owner and a lockout its account.
+ */
+function mayNameNoSubject(action: unknown): boolean {
+  return action === 'login_failed';
+}
+
 /** The object a session event's row names as its target. */
 const SESSION_OBJECT = 'sys_session';
 
@@ -354,7 +374,9 @@ export function createAuthEventAuditSink(opts: AuthEventAuditSinkOptions): AuthE
   return {
     async recordAuthEvent(event: AuthSessionAuditEvent): Promise<void> {
       const engine = getEngine();
-      if (!engine || !event?.userId) return;
+      if (!engine || !event) return;
+      const subject = typeof event.userId === 'string' && event.userId.length > 0 ? event.userId : undefined;
+      if (!subject && !mayNameNoSubject(event.action)) return;
       if (probe === undefined || probedEngine !== engine) {
         probe = createFieldPresenceProbe(engine);
         probedEngine = engine;
@@ -367,13 +389,14 @@ export function createAuthEventAuditSink(opts: AuthEventAuditSinkOptions): AuthE
         action: event.action,
         // The whole point of the card: the event names its actor. `user_id` is
         // a strict `sys_user` lookup, and a session always has a real subject.
-        // On an account event it is the account the sign-in named.
-        user_id: event.userId,
+        // On an account event it is the account the sign-in named, and null
+        // for a refused sign-in that named none (#30924).
+        user_id: subject ?? null,
         // The record this event is about, so the row is navigable from the
         // ledger to it (and back) rather than being a bare verb: the session
         // for a session event, the account for an account event.
         object_name: targetObjectFor(event.action),
-        record_id: accountEvent ? event.userId : (event.sessionId ?? null),
+        record_id: accountEvent ? (subject ?? null) : (event.sessionId ?? null),
         // No before/after state: an auth event is not a field diff. Recording
         // `{}` here would be a claim about a record that never changed.
         old_value: null,
@@ -393,7 +416,7 @@ export function createAuthEventAuditSink(opts: AuthEventAuditSinkOptions): AuthE
         // is, and recording the impersonated user as the sole principal there
         // would be a WRONG record rather than a vague one. An account event
         // authenticated nobody, so it credits no principal (module note).
-        row.actor = event.actor ?? (accountEvent ? null : event.userId);
+        row.actor = event.actor ?? (accountEvent ? null : subject);
       }
 
       try {
 
@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@ import {
   recordUnlinkTombstone,
 } from './implicit-account-linking.js';
 import { withSystemReadContext } from './objectql-adapter.js';
-import { emitAuthSessionAuditEvent, loginEventFor, logoutEventFor } from './auth-session-audit.js';
+import { emitAuthSessionAuditEvent, loginEventFor, logoutEventFor, signInClientFingerprint } from './auth-session-audit.js';
+import { ipAllowListRefusalEventFor, ipRefusalAuditBoundFor } from './ip-allow-list-refusal-audit.js';
 import { sessionPolicyHoldFor, withSessionPolicyHold } from './session-policy-hold.js';
 import { holdPrincipalSessionExpiry } from './principal-session-mint.js';
 import { canonicalClientAddress } from './client-address-canonical.js';
@@ -314,11 +315,32 @@ export function composeDatabaseHooks(
   // established address is in the request state, exactly the address the
   // deployment's list judged at that door. A programmatic `auth.api.*` call
   // carries no request and is not judged, as the door never judged it.
-  const refuseUnadmittedScoping = async (userId: unknown, organizationId: unknown, ctx: any) => {
+  //
+  // [#30924] A refused CREATION is a refused sign-in, and leaves its
+  // `login_failed` row (`ip-allow-list-refusal-audit.ts`), counted by the same
+  // per-address bound as the deployment gate's rows. A refused SWITCH is not a
+  // sign-in and writes none: only the creation hands `creating` in.
+  const refuseUnadmittedScoping = async (userId: unknown, organizationId: unknown, ctx: any, creating?: any) => {
     if (!ctx?.request || typeof userId !== 'string' || !userId) return;
     if (typeof organizationId !== 'string' || !organizationId) return;
-    const verdict = await this.judgeSessionScoping(userId, organizationId, await readRequestClientAddress());
+    const address = await readRequestClientAddress();
+    const verdict = await this.judgeSessionScoping(userId, organizationId, address);
     if (verdict === 'admitted') return;
+    const sink = creating ? this.config.getAuditSink?.() : undefined;
+    if (sink) {
+      const fingerprint = signInClientFingerprint(ctx, address);
+      const attempts = ipRefusalAuditBoundFor(sink).admit(fingerprint.ipAddress, (line) => this.config.logger?.warn?.(line));
+      if (attempts !== undefined) {
+        await emitAuthSessionAuditEvent(sink, ipAllowListRefusalEventFor({
+          path: typeof ctx?.path === 'string' ? ctx.path : '',
+          attempts,
+          userId,
+          organizationId,
+          impersonatedBy: typeof creating?.impersonatedBy === 'string' ? creating.impersonatedBy : undefined,
+          fingerprint,
+        }));
+      }
+    }
     const { APIError } = await import('better-auth/api');
     throw new APIError('FORBIDDEN', { code: SESSION_SCOPING_REFUSAL.code, message: SESSION_SCOPING_REFUSAL.message });
   };
@@ -329,7 +351,7 @@ export function composeDatabaseHooks(
     const final = result && typeof result === 'object' && 'data' in result
       ? { ...captured, ...(result as any).data }
       : captured;
-    await refuseUnadmittedScoping(final?.userId, final?.activeOrganizationId, ctx);
+    await refuseUnadmittedScoping(final?.userId, final?.activeOrganizationId, ctx, final);
     if (result && typeof result === 'object' && 'data' in result) return { data: final };
     return captured === session ? result : { data: captured };
   };
 
@@ -6165,6 +6165,22 @@ export class AuthManager {
     return resolveSignInAccountId.call(host, email);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * [#30924] The id of the account a sign-in refused by the ADR-0069 D5 IP
+   * allow-list names, for its `login_failed` row only
+   * (`ip-allow-list-refusal-audit.ts`), or `undefined` — the password
+   * sign-in's own account question ({@link findSignInAccount}). The gate
+   * refuses before better-auth resolves any account, so this is the only way
+   * that row can name one. It decides nothing: the refusal is already
+   * answered. Throws what the engine throws; the caller writes the row with no
+   * subject then.
+   */
+  public async resolveRefusedSignInAccountId(email: string): Promise<string | undefined> {
+    const engine = this.getDataEngine();
+    if (!engine) return undefined;
+    return (await this.findSignInAccount(engine, email, []))?.id;
+  }
+
   /**
    * ADR-0069 D2 — the ONE answer to "which account does this password sign-in
    * name", read by the lock gate ({@link assertAccountNotLocked}), the counter