feat(python): support array and tensor conversions for DenseVector

Author: dhairyathareja1

client/python/USAGE.md

@@ -228,12 +228,29 @@ validation and protobuf conversion internally
 ### `DenseVector`
 
 ``` 
-DenseVector(values: list[float] | tuple[float, ...])
+DenseVector(values: list[float] | tuple[float, ...] | array | tensor)
 ```
 - Validates numeric input
+- Accepts 1D NumPy arrays and PyTorch, TensorFlow, or JAX tensors
+- Rejects arrays and tensors that are not 1D
 - Normalizes values to `float`
 - Immutable (`frozen=True`)
 
+Input conversion uses the capabilities exposed by the value rather than requiring
+NumPy, PyTorch, TensorFlow, or JAX as client dependencies.
+
+```python
+vector = DenseVector(numpy_array)
+
+vector.to_list()
+vector.to_numpy()
+vector.to_torch()
+vector.to_tensorflow()
+vector.to_jax()
+```
+
+Each reverse conversion helper requires its corresponding library to be installed.
+
 --- 
 
 ### `Payload`
@@ -374,4 +391,4 @@ python -m grpc_tools.protoc \
 
 After running this:  
 - `vector_db_pb2_grpc.py` and `vector_db_pb2.py` will be updated
-- No other client code should need changes
+- No other client code should need changes

client/python/tests/test_models.py

@@ -17,13 +17,82 @@ def test_dense_vector_valid():
     a = [1, 2.5, 3]
     v = DenseVector(a)
     assert v.values == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+    assert all(isinstance(value, float) for value in v.values)
 
 
 def test_dense_vector_accepts_tuple():
     v = DenseVector((1, 2, 3))
     assert v.values == [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
 
 
+def test_dense_vector_accepts_numpy_array():
+    numpy = pytest.importorskip("numpy")
+    v = DenseVector(numpy.array([1, 2.5, 3], dtype=numpy.float32))
+    assert v.values == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_accepts_pytorch_tensor():
+    torch = pytest.importorskip("torch")
+    v = DenseVector(torch.tensor([1, 2.5, 3]))
+    assert v.values == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_accepts_tensorflow_tensor():
+    tensorflow = pytest.importorskip("tensorflow")
+    v = DenseVector(tensorflow.constant([1.0, 2.5, 3.0]))
+    assert v.values == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_accepts_jax_array():
+    jax_numpy = pytest.importorskip("jax.numpy")
+    v = DenseVector(jax_numpy.array([1, 2.5, 3]))
+    assert v.values == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+
+
+class _TensorLike:
+    def tolist(self):
+        return [1, 2.5, 3]
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_accepts_tensor_with_tolist():
+    v = DenseVector(_TensorLike())
+    assert v.values == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+
+
+class _TensorShape:
+    rank = 1
+
+
+class _MaterializedTensor:
+    def tolist(self):
+        return [1, 2.5, 3]
+
+
+class _TensorFlowLike:
+    shape = _TensorShape()
+
+    def numpy(self):
+        return _MaterializedTensor()
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_accepts_tensor_with_numpy_conversion():
+    v = DenseVector(_TensorFlowLike())
+    assert v.values == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+
+
+class _JaxLike:
+    ndim = 1
+
+    def __array__(self):
+        numpy = pytest.importorskip("numpy")
+        return numpy.array([1, 2.5, 3])
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_accepts_tensor_with_array_protocol():
+    v = DenseVector(_JaxLike())
+    assert v.values == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+
+
 def test_dense_vector_rejects_empty():
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
         DenseVector([])
@@ -34,6 +103,36 @@ def test_dense_vector_rejects_non_numeric():
         DenseVector([1, "a", 3])
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("values", [[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[1, 2, 3]]])
+def test_dense_vector_rejects_nested_sequences(values):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="one-dimensional"):
+        DenseVector(values)
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_rejects_multidimensional_array():
+    numpy = pytest.importorskip("numpy")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="one-dimensional"):
+        DenseVector(numpy.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]))
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_rejects_scalar_array():
+    numpy = pytest.importorskip("numpy")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="one-dimensional"):
+        DenseVector(numpy.array(1.0))
+
+
+class _MatrixLike:
+    ndim = 2
+
+    def tolist(self):
+        return [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_rejects_multidimensional_tensor_like_value():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="one-dimensional"):
+        DenseVector(_MatrixLike())
+
+
 def test_dense_vector_is_frozen():
     v = DenseVector([1, 2, 3])
     with pytest.raises(Exception):
@@ -46,6 +145,41 @@ def test_dense_vector_to_proto():
     assert list(proto.values) == [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
 
 
+def test_dense_vector_to_numpy():
+    numpy = pytest.importorskip("numpy")
+    result = DenseVector([1, 2.5, 3]).to_numpy()
+    assert isinstance(result, numpy.ndarray)
+    assert result.ndim == 1
+    assert numpy.issubdtype(result.dtype, numpy.floating)
+    assert result.tolist() == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_to_torch():
+    torch = pytest.importorskip("torch")
+    result = DenseVector([1, 2.5, 3]).to_torch()
+    assert isinstance(result, torch.Tensor)
+    assert result.ndim == 1
+    assert result.dtype.is_floating_point
+    assert result.tolist() == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_to_tensorflow():
+    tensorflow = pytest.importorskip("tensorflow")
+    result = DenseVector([1, 2.5, 3]).to_tensorflow()
+    assert tensorflow.is_tensor(result)
+    assert result.shape.rank == 1
+    assert result.dtype.is_floating
+    assert result.numpy().tolist() == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+
+
+def test_dense_vector_to_jax():
+    jax_numpy = pytest.importorskip("jax.numpy")
+    result = DenseVector([1, 2.5, 3]).to_jax()
+    assert result.ndim == 1
+    assert jax_numpy.issubdtype(result.dtype, jax_numpy.floating)
+    assert result.tolist() == [1.0, 2.5, 3.0]
+
+
 # Similarity Test
 
 

client/python/vortexdb/models.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import List
+from typing import Any, List
 from vortexdb.grpc import vector_db_pb2
 
 
@@ -43,32 +43,109 @@ def from_proto(value: int) -> "ContentType":
         }[value]
 
 
-# TODO Extend support to other data types than lists or tuples (numpy arrays probably)
-# TODO Further compatibility to allow conversions directly to numpy arrays (similar to .to_list())
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class DenseVector:
     values: List[float]
 
     def __post_init__(self):
-        if not isinstance(self.values, (list, tuple)):
-            raise TypeError("DenseVector expects a list or tuple of floats")
+        if isinstance(self.values, (list, tuple)):
+            normalized_values = list(self.values)
+        else:
+            normalized_values = self._array_like_to_list(self.values)
 
-        if not self.values:
+        if not normalized_values:
             raise ValueError("DenseVector cannot be empty")
 
-        for v in self.values:
+        if any(isinstance(value, (list, tuple)) for value in normalized_values):
+            raise ValueError("DenseVector expects a one-dimensional vector")
+
+        for v in normalized_values:
             if not isinstance(v, (int, float)):
                 raise TypeError("DenseVector values must be numeric (int or float)")
 
-        # force float normalization
-        object.__setattr__(self, "values", [float(v) for v in self.values])
+        object.__setattr__(self, "values", [float(v) for v in normalized_values])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _array_like_to_list(values: Any) -> list[Any]:
+        shape = getattr(values, "shape", None)
+        rank = getattr(values, "ndim", None)
+
+        if rank is None and shape is not None:
+            rank = getattr(shape, "rank", None)
+            if rank is None:
+                try:
+                    rank = len(shape)
+                except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                    pass
+
+        if rank is not None and rank != 1:
+            raise ValueError("DenseVector expects a one-dimensional vector")
+
+        to_list = getattr(values, "tolist", None)
+        if callable(to_list):
+            converted = to_list()
+        else:
+            to_numpy = getattr(values, "numpy", None)
+            if callable(to_numpy):
+                converted = to_numpy()
+            else:
+                to_array = getattr(values, "__array__", None)
+                if not callable(to_array):
+                    raise TypeError("DenseVector could not convert the array or tensor")
+                converted = to_array()
+
+            converted_to_list = getattr(converted, "tolist", None)
+            if not callable(converted_to_list):
+                raise TypeError("DenseVector could not convert the array or tensor")
+            converted = converted_to_list()
+
+        if not isinstance(converted, list):
+            raise TypeError("DenseVector could not convert the array or tensor")
+        return converted
 
     def to_proto(self) -> vector_db_pb2.DenseVector:
         return vector_db_pb2.DenseVector(values=self.values)
 
     def to_list(self) -> list[float]:
         return list(self.values)
 
+    # Keep framework dependencies optional by importing only when conversion is requested.
+    def to_numpy(self) -> Any:
+        try:
+            import numpy
+        except ImportError as error:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "NumPy is required to convert DenseVector to an array"
+            ) from error
+        return numpy.asarray(self.values, dtype=float)
+
+    def to_torch(self) -> Any:
+        try:
+            import torch
+        except ImportError as error:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "PyTorch is required to convert DenseVector to a tensor"
+            ) from error
+        return torch.tensor(self.values)
+
+    def to_tensorflow(self) -> Any:
+        try:
+            import tensorflow
+        except ImportError as error:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "TensorFlow is required to convert DenseVector to a tensor"
+            ) from error
+        return tensorflow.convert_to_tensor(self.values)
+
+    def to_jax(self) -> Any:
+        try:
+            import jax.numpy
+        except ImportError as error:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "JAX is required to convert DenseVector to an array"
+            ) from error
+        return jax.numpy.asarray(self.values)
+
 
 # & Helper Function for Batch of DenseVectors
 def to_dense_vectors(arr):

docs/sdk/reference.mdx

@@ -291,15 +291,17 @@ from vortexdb import DenseVector
 ### Constructor
 
 ```python
-DenseVector(values: List[float] | Tuple[float, ...])
+DenseVector(values: List[float] | Tuple[float, ...] | array | tensor)
 ```
 
-<ParamField body="values" type="List[float] | Tuple[float, ...]" required>
-  The vector components. Must be non-empty and contain numeric values.
+<ParamField body="values" type="List[float] | Tuple[float, ...] | array | tensor" required>
+  A list, tuple, 1D NumPy array, or 1D PyTorch, TensorFlow, or JAX tensor.
+  Must be non-empty and contain numeric values.
 </ParamField>
 
 **Raises:**
-- `TypeError`: If values is not a list or tuple
+- `TypeError`: If values is not a supported sequence, array, or tensor
+- `ValueError`: If values is not one-dimensional
 - `ValueError`: If values is empty
 - `TypeError`: If any value is not numeric
 
@@ -314,6 +316,12 @@ vec = DenseVector((0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4))
 
 # Integers are converted to floats
 vec = DenseVector([1, 2, 3, 4])  # -> [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
+
+# NumPy arrays and tensors can be passed directly
+vec = DenseVector(numpy_array)
+vec = DenseVector(torch_tensor)
+vec = DenseVector(tensorflow_tensor)
+vec = DenseVector(jax_array)
 ```
 
 ### Methods
@@ -333,6 +341,20 @@ vec = DenseVector([0.1, 0.2, 0.3])
 values = vec.to_list()  # [0.1, 0.2, 0.3]
 ```
 
+#### Framework conversions
+
+Convert the vector to an array or tensor from an installed framework.
+
+```python
+numpy_array = vec.to_numpy()
+torch_tensor = vec.to_torch()
+tensorflow_tensor = vec.to_tensorflow()
+jax_array = vec.to_jax()
+```
+
+The framework libraries are optional and are imported only when their conversion
+methods are called.
+
 ### Properties
 
 #### values