fix: Retry failed apt package downloads when building the PHP images

[codyfinegan]

Description

Fixes #409

Testing Instructions

1. Confirm the builds run - and check if a timeout occurred during one

Checklist

• Does what the author says it will do
• Testing instructions are provided
• Commit messages make sense and follow the conventional commit standard
• No identified security issues
• No identified maintenance issues
• Any third-party libraries/dependencies use the MIT or Apache 2.0 license
• Changes made are backwards compatible and will not break existing setups
• Changes to scripts in the bin/ directory run correctly on both MacOS and WSL
• Changes to containers can be built locally sucessfully (e.g. via tbuild container && tup container)
• Containers/images are compatible with both AMD64 (Windows) and ARM64 (MacOS)
• Changes made to config.php are compatible with our oldest supported Totara version, our newest Totara version, and Moodle

[TotaraAdmin]

🎉 This PR is included in version 1.26.1 🎉

The release is available on GitHub release

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